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  • In Latacunga, Ecuador, a bus/truck proclaims political slogans, banners and pictures.
    09ECU-3014_Ecuador.jpg
  • Built in the late 1800s, La Casa Rosada (The Pink House) is the iconic official executive mansion and office of the President of Argentina (or "Presidency of the Argentine Nation"), in Buenos Aires, South America. The baby pink palatial mansion is known officially as "Casa de Gobierno" which means "House of Government". The President normally lives at the Quinta de Olivos, in Olivos, Buenos Aires Province. The Casa Rosada is a National Historic Monument of Argentina, contains a museum of presidents' memorabilia, and is at the eastern end of the Plaza de Mayo. The Plaza de Mayo took its modern form in 1884 but has been at the political center of Buenos Aires since the city's foundation in 1580.
    05ARG-10112_Pink-House-Buenos-Aires.jpg
  • John Mitchell’s 1775 map shows the British colonies in North America extending indefinitely west, overriding rival French claims. First published in 1755, the map's pro-English interpretation of boundaries and geography served as a political tool (propaganda) during the French and Indian War (1754–1763, part of the global Seven Years' War). Mitchell’s important map guided the Treaty of Paris peace negotiations between Great Britain and her former American colonies in 1783 and helped resolve many later treaty negotiations and boundary disputes as recently as 1932 for the United States (USA). Thomas Jefferson recommended that Nicholas King use Mitchell’s map in preparing a new map for Meriwether Lewis, saying: “it was made with great care we know from what is laid down in those western parts with which we have lately become acquainted.” Notice how British Colonial claims of Virginia, Georgia, North and South Carolina extend beyond the Mississippi towards the Pacific Ocean, and Virginia spreads north into present-day Michigan. See the map at the Governor's Palace tour at Colonial Williamsburg, the historic district of Williamsburg (colonial Virginia's capital from 1699 to 1780). Map title for this 1775 version (the fourth edition): "A Map of the British Colonies in North America with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and extent of the Settlements, Humbly Inscribed to the Right Honourable the Earl of Halifax, and the other Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade & Plantations by Their Lordships most obliged and very humble servant, John Mitchell."
    08VA-1300_Colonial-Williamsburg-VA.jpg
  • An American Flag, designed with a Native American Indian holding a peace pipe, waves in the breeze at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, Arizona, USA.
    1804SW-1434.jpg
  • An American Flag, designed with a Native American Indian holding a peace pipe, waves in the breeze at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, Arizona, USA.
    1804SW-1420.jpg
  • Whangamomona village border Control, on the Stratford to Taumarunui "Forgotten World Highway", North Island, New Zealand
    07NZT_367.jpg
  • Two shuttered balconies. In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10350.jpg
  • In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10339.jpg
  • An old building with balcony. In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10349.jpg
  • An old building with balconies and streetside cafe. In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10348.jpg
  • In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10344.jpg
  • Mary of Guise, one of 37 carved replica Stirling Heads at Stirling Castle, in Scotland, UK, Europe. Mary of Guise (1515-1560) was Queen of Scots from 1538 to 1542 as the second wife of King James V. She was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, and served as Regent of Scotland in her daughter's name from 1554 to 1560. A native of Lorraine, she was a member of the powerful House of Guise, which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics. Her main goal was a close alliance between the powerful French Catholic nation and smaller Scotland, which she wanted to be Catholic and independent of England. She failed, and at her death the Protestants took control of Scotland, with her own grandson achieving the Union of the Crowns a few decades later. The King's Inner Hall at Stirling Castle has a ceiling of 37 carved replica Stirling Heads, originally designed for James V and finished by his widow Mary of Guise in the 1540s.
    17SC1-2143_Scotland.jpg
  • Docked in La Boca, the Vapor de la Carrera ship formerly ferried daily between Buenos Aires and Montevideo, and now houses an art gallery and restaurant. In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10354.jpg
  • In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10346.jpg
  • In La Boca barrio (neighborhood) of Buenos Aires, tourists are attracted by colorful houses, the Caminito pedestrian street, La Ribera theatre, tango clubs, and Italian taverns. La Boca retains a strong European flavor, with many early settlers from Genoa, Italy. It sits at the mouth ("boca" in Spanish) of the Matanza River (or Río Mataderos, or Riachuelo which simply means ?Creek?). La Boca is known among sports fans for La Bombonera stadium (Estadio Alberto J. Armando), home of Boca Juniors, one of the world's best known football (soccer) clubs. As a centre for radical politics, La Boca elected the first socialist member of the Argentine Congress (Alfredo Palacios in 1935) and hosted many demonstrations during the crisis of 2001 in Argentina, South America.
    05ARG-10343.jpg
  • On July 4, 2014, a campesino woman and child stands by a wall plastered with a sign for political candidate "KIKE" of the neo-Nazi MANPE party, in the Santa Valley (or Callejon de Huaylas) in the Ancash Region in the north-central highlands of Peru, South America. Historically, high poverty rates (as found in Peru) can foster extremist political factions such as Peru's neo-Nazi MANPE (Movimiento de Accion Nacionalista Peruano): Peruvian Nationalist Action Movement).
    14PER-2492_rural-political-sign-Peru.jpg
  • An Andean woman with blue dress, red sweater, and felt hat walks on sidewalk by whitewashed wall painted with political ad, in Huaraz, Peru, South America.
    00PER-24-Huaraz-lady.jpg
  • Kitano Tenmangu Shrine is dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician who was unfairly exiled by his political rivals. A number of disasters were attributed to Michizane's vengeful spirit after his death in exile, and these shrines were built to appease him. Kyoto, Japan.
    1810JPN-6376.jpg
  • Carved marble rock bull at Kitano Tenmangu Shrine, Kyoto, Japan. Kitano Tenmangu Shrine is dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician who was unfairly exiled by his political rivals. A number of disasters were attributed to Michizane's vengeful spirit after his death in exile, and these shrines were built to appease him. Kyoto, Japan.
    1810JPN-6400.jpg
  • Young girl in yellow and red kimono. Kitano Tenmangu Shrine is dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician who was unfairly exiled by his political rivals. A number of disasters were attributed to Michizane's vengeful spirit after his death in exile, and these shrines were built to appease him. Kyoto, Japan.
    1810JPN-6390.jpg
  • Kitano Tenmangu Shrine is dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician who was unfairly exiled by his political rivals. A number of disasters were attributed to Michizane's vengeful spirit after his death in exile, and these shrines were built to appease him. Kyoto, Japan. The decorative white round empty liquor barrels at Japanese shrines are kazaridaru, shrine offerings from Japan's nihonshu makers. In Japanese, the word sake ("liquor", also pronounced shu) can refer to any alcoholic drink, while the beverage called "sake" in English is usually termed nihonshu ("Japanese liquor" or Japanese rice wine). In traditional Japanese culture, nihonshu is believed to connect people directly to the gods, as in Shinto ceremonies at weddings, during New Year celebrations and at many festivals. In modern times the kazaridaru are usually offered empty, with the nihonshu maker also providing one bottle of their best rice wine as part of the offering. The offering is a form of prayer for bountiful harvests of rice, and also honours the shrine’s local deity. The kanji on the decorative barrels indicate the maker's name and location.
    20181101_102313.jpg
  • A silhouetted bare tree embraces the crescent moon on Sunset Hill on Mauna Kea, on the Big Island, Hawaii, USA. For colorful sunset views of the Saddle Road region, walk 1 mile round trip (160 ft gain) to the cinder cone of Pu'u Kalepeamoa, or Sunset Hill, from the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station at 9200 ft elevation. About a million years old and last erupted 6000 to 4000 years ago, Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii, USA. Mauna Kea stands 13,800 feet above sea level and is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Measured from its base on the ocean floor, it rises over 33,000 ft, significantly greater than the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level. Paving ends at the Visitor Info Station, and four-wheel drive is recommended to reach the top, where Mauna Kea summit's dry, clear, stable air makes one of the world's best sites for astronomy. Since the road created access in 1964, 13 telescopes funded by 11 countries have been built at the summit. In a tour de force of early science, expert seafaring and astronomy skills allowed far-flung Polynesians to discover and settle Hawaii around 300-600 AD. Ironically, from 2013-2016, plans for a wondrous Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) atop Mauna Kea attracted protests by Native Hawaiian groups who cited cultural/religious/political grievances, and the project was sadly postponed. The TMT could potentially look across space and time to the first stars that ever shone in the universe, over 13 billion years ago (and would energize the local economy).
    1701HAW-2676.jpg
  • Seen through a jet window, a vast ice sheet stretches across Greenland, the world's largest island. This ice cap (Sermersuaq in Greenlandic) contains 10 percent of the world's fresh water, plus atmospheric particles which scientists can use to gain an insight into the climate of both Greenland and the Earth going back some 250,000 years. Scientists report accelerated melting since the new millennium, with a net loss of ice mass. If the entire ice sheet melted, the world's oceans would rise by 6-7 meters (20-23 feet). Greenland's huge ice sheet is only second in size to the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. While it is physiographically part of the North American continent, for more than a thousand years Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (the colonial powers of Norway and Denmark, plus the nearby island of Iceland). In 2008, the people of Greenland passed a referendum making it an autonomous country within the Danish Realm. With a population of about 56,480 in 2013, it is the least densely populated country in the world. (The continent of Australia is larger but isn't considered an island.)
    16SWI-0022.jpg
  • Seen through a jet window, a vast ice sheet stretches across Greenland, the world's largest island. This ice cap (Sermersuaq in Greenlandic) contains 10 percent of the world's fresh water, plus atmospheric particles which scientists can use to gain an insight into the climate of both Greenland and the Earth going back some 250,000 years. Scientists report accelerated melting since the new millennium, with a net loss of ice mass. If the entire ice sheet melted, the world's oceans would rise by 6-7 meters (20-23 feet). Greenland's huge ice sheet is only second in size to the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. While it is physiographically part of the North American continent, for more than a thousand years Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (the colonial powers of Norway and Denmark, plus the nearby island of Iceland). In 2008, the people of Greenland passed a referendum making it an autonomous country within the Danish Realm. With a population of about 56,480 in 2013, it is the least densely populated country in the world. (The continent of Australia is larger but isn't considered an island.)
    16SWI-0026.jpg
  • Tobacco plant flowers (genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae/nightshade family), Jamestown Settlement, Virginia, USA. Tobacco is native to the Americas, was used by native cultures by around 3000 BC, and has significantly influenced the political, economic, and cultural history of the United States. Tobacco leaves can be smoked, chewed, or used as a pesticide. Nicotiana, Nicotina (the early plant name), and nicotine (drug chemical) were named in honor of Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent it as a medicine to the French royal court of queen mother Catherine de' Medici, who became an instant tobacco convert.
    12VA-298.jpg
  • In Plaza de Mayo, the May Pyramid (Pirámide de Mayo, built in 1811) is a monument to commemorate the first anniversary of the May Revolution of 1810, which led to the Argentina's independence from Spain in 1816. Plaza de Mayo is the main square in Monserrat barrio (neighborhood) of central Buenos Aires, in Argentina, South America. Plaza de Mayo took its modern form in 1884 but has been at the political center of Buenos Aires since the city's foundation in 1580. La Revolución de Mayo was a week-long series of events that took place from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish colony that included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay
    05ARG-10114.jpg
  • See Mosque of the Janissaries, on the Old Harbor of Hania (Chania), on the island of Crete, in Greece, Europe. Mosque of the Janissaries was built in 1645, when Hania fell to the Turks, and is the oldest Ottoman building on Crete. GREEK HISTORY: The Greek War of Independence of 1821-1829 reclaimed Ottoman Turk holdings in the Peloponnese, Sterea Ellada, and the Cyclades & Sporades Islands, but intervention by Britain, France, and Russia would set up foreign kings to control Greece on and off for generations. With Ottoman decline in the mid-1800s, the "Megali Idea (Great Idea)" of a new Greek Empire became popular for reclaiming former Byzantine Greek lands. Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 expanded Greece to include southern Macedonia, part of Thrace, more of Epiros, North-East Aegean Islands, and union with Crete. After siding with the Allies in World War I, Greece invaded Turkey as far as Ankara. But the young General Mustafa Kemal (later called Ataturk) drove the Greeks out of Anatolia. In a stressful exchange, 1.5 million Christians left Turkey and 400,000 Muslims left Greece. Greece suffered terribly under Nazi occupation in World War II due to starvation, and death camps for half the Jews. Greece's turbulent history culminated in a 1946-1949 Civil War between monarchists and democrats, where more Greeks were killed than in World War II. Despair motivated nearly a million Greeks to seek better life in Australia (Melbourne), Canada, USA (New York & Chicago), and elsewhere. After a coup by Colonels 1967-74 and later socialist rule, Greece shifted politically rightwards by 2001. Greek standard of living rose rapidly; low interest rates expanded car ownership. Greece proudly hosted the lightly attended 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, seen on worldwide TV by 3.9 billion viewers. In 2010-12, debt crisis made Greece agree to Eurozone & IMF loan rescue with harsh austerity measures.
    01GRE-18-02_Hania-Old-Harbor_Turkish...jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. Heat Pipes conduct heat from the oil to aerial fins to avoid melting the permafrost. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes "The Pipeline", several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound.
    06AK_3218-Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. Heat Pipes conduct heat from the oil to aerial fins to avoid melting the permafrost. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes "The Pipeline", several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound.
    06AK_3202-Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. The Pipeline snakes above ground in "S" shapes to enable expansion and contraction as weather varies. Horizontal slip-bars allow for sliding in a severe earthquake. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes "The Pipeline", several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound.
    06AK_3197-Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes "The Pipeline", several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound.
    06AK_3195-Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. Heat Pipes conduct heat from the oil to aerial fins to avoid melting the permafrost. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes "The Pipeline", several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound.
    06AK_3193-Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • See Mauna Kea's cinder cones from Sunset Hill on the Big Island, Hawaii, USA. For colorful sunset views of the Saddle Road region, walk 1 mile round trip (160 ft gain) to the cinder cone of Pu'u Kalepeamoa, or Sunset Hill, from the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station at 9200 ft elevation. About a million years old and last erupted 6000 to 4000 years ago, Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii. Mauna Kea stands 13,800 feet above sea level and is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Measured from its base on the ocean floor, it rises over 33,000 ft, significantly greater than the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level. Paving ends at the Visitor Info Station, and four-wheel drive is recommended to reach the top, where Mauna Kea summit's dry, clear, stable air makes one of the world's best sites for astronomy. Since the road created access in 1964, 13 telescopes funded by 11 countries have been built at the summit. In a tour de force of early science, expert seafaring and astronomy skills allowed far-flung Polynesians to discover and settle Hawaii around 300-600AD. Ironically, from 2013-2016, plans for a wondrous Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) atop Mauna Kea attracted protests by Native Hawaiian groups who cited cultural/religious/political grievances, and the project was postponed. The TMT could potentially look across space and time to the first stars that ever shone in the universe, over 13 billion years ago (and would energize the local economy).
    1701HAW-2585.jpg
  • See Mauna Kea's cinder cones and the Saddle Road region from Sunset Hill on the Big Island, Hawaii, USA. For colorful sunset views of the Saddle Road region, walk 1 mile round trip (160 ft gain) to the cinder cone of Pu'u Kalepeamoa, or Sunset Hill, from the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Mauna Kea Visitor Information Station at 9200 ft elevation. About a million years old and last erupted 6000 to 4000 years ago, Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii. Mauna Kea stands 13,800 feet above sea level and is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Measured from its base on the ocean floor, it rises over 33,000 ft, significantly greater than the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level. Paving ends at the Visitor Info Station, and four-wheel drive is recommended to reach the top, where Mauna Kea summit's dry, clear, stable air makes one of the world's best sites for astronomy. Since the road created access in 1964, 13 telescopes funded by 11 countries have been built at the summit. In a tour de force of early science, expert seafaring and astronomy skills allowed far-flung Polynesians to discover and settle Hawaii around 300-600 AD. Ironically, from 2013-2016, plans for a wondrous Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) atop Mauna Kea attracted protests by Native Hawaiian groups who cited cultural/religious/political grievances, and the project was postponed. The TMT could potentially look across space and time to the first stars that ever shone in the universe, over 13 billion years ago (and would energize the local economy). This image was stitched from multiple overlapping images.
    1701HAW-2588-89-Pano.jpg
  • Carved stone jaguar heads were found at Chavin de Huantar, which was built around 900 BC as the religious and political center of the Chavín people. The advanced culture of Chavin lasted from 900-200 BC in the Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. The Chavín were located in the Mosna Valley where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge. This area is 3150 meters above sea level and encompasses the quechua, jalca, and puna life zones. UNESCO honored Chavin Archaeological Site on the World Heritage List in 1985.
    03PER-22-21-Chavin-heads.jpg
  • The Trans Alaska Pipeline (or Alyeska Pipeline) crosses the Alaska Range and conveys crude oil 800 miles (1287 km) from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, Alaska, USA. Heat Pipes conduct heat from the oil to aerial fins to avoid melting the permafrost. The 48-inch diameter (122 cm) pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) includes The Pipeline, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, 11 pump stations, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. Environmental, legal, and political debates followed the discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968. After the 1973 oil crisis caused a sharp rise in oil prices in the United States and made exploration of the Prudhoe Bay oil field economically feasible, legislation removed legal challenges and the pipeline was built 1974-1977. Extreme cold, permafrost, and difficult terrain challenged builders. Tens of thousands of workers flocked to Alaska, causing a boomtown atmosphere in Valdez, Fairbanks, and Anchorage. Oil began flowing in 1977. The pipeline delivered the oil spilled by the huge 1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker disaster, which caused environmental damage expected to last 20-30 years in Prince William Sound. Panorama stitched from 4 overlapping photos.
    06AK_3209-12pan_Alyeska-Pipeline.jpg
  • The obelisk at Monticello (near Charlottesville, Virginia, USA) reads "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia." Jefferson died on the Fourth of July, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, just a few hours before the death of his compatriot John Adams. In their quest for independence from Britain, John Adams was Jefferson's compatriot who became a great political rival, and a later became a friend and correspondent. Adams is often rumored to have referenced Jefferson in his last words, unaware of his passing. Monticello, Italian for "little mountain," was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States.
    08VA-1230_Monticello-Virginia.jpg
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