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  • Reflective water drops cling to bright green leaves. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) is a leathery-leaved shrub in the heather family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. Photo from Tiger Mountain Trail, Interstate 90, Washington, USA.
    0708TIG-14_salal-water-drops.jpg
  • Water droplets form balls on a leaf of skunk cabbage (Lysichitum americanum, in the Calla Lily Family, Araceae), on the hike to Lake 22, in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    05L22_091_Skunk-cabbage-water-drops.jpg
  • Water droplets form balls on a leaf of skunk cabbage (Lysichitum americanum, in the Calla Lily Family, Araceae), on the hike to Lake 22, in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA.
    05L22_088_Skunk-cabbage-water-drops.jpg
  • Reflective water drops cling to bright green leaves. Salal (Gaultheria shallon) is a leathery-leaved shrub in the heather family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. Photo from Tiger Mountain Trail, Interstate 90, Washington, USA.
    0708TIG-08_salal-water-drops.jpg
  • Admire colorful microbial mats contrasting with turquoise water at Grand Prismatic Spring overlook in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Starting from Fairy Falls Trailhead (OK5), walk 2 miles round trip to the Grand Prismatic Spring overlook, up a side trail. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-4013-16-Pano_Yellowstone-NP-...jpg
  • Admire colorful microbial mats contrasting with turquoise water at Grand Prismatic Spring overlook in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Starting from Fairy Falls Trailhead (OK5), walk 2 miles round trip to the Grand Prismatic Spring overlook, up a side trail. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    1709US1-3956_Yellowstone-NP-WY.jpg
  • Admire colorful microbial mats contrasting with turquoise water at Grand Prismatic Spring overlook in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Starting from Fairy Falls Trailhead (OK5), walk 2 miles round trip to the Grand Prismatic Spring overlook, up a side trail. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    1709US1-3937_Yellowstone-NP-WY.jpg
  • Admire colorful microbial mats contrasting with turquoise water at Grand Prismatic Spring overlook in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Starting from Fairy Falls Trailhead (OK5), walk 2 miles round trip to the Grand Prismatic Spring overlook, up a side trail. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-3939-51-Pano_Yellowstone-NP-...jpg
  • Admire colorful microbial mats contrasting with turquoise water at Grand Prismatic Spring overlook in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Starting from Fairy Falls Trailhead (OK5), walk 2 miles round trip to the Grand Prismatic Spring overlook, up a side trail. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    1709US1-3978_Yellowstone-NP-WY.jpg
  • Arizona Raft Adventures (AZRA) trip leader Lorna Corson rows under Bright Angel Bridge (aka Silver Bridge). Built in the late 1960s, the Silver Bridge supports hikers and the Transcanyon Water Distribution Pipeline across the Colorado River, connecting the Bright Angel Trail from the South Rim to Phantom Ranch and the North Rim. Hikers only (no mules) may cross this narrow suspension bridge. Five-hundred-thousand gallons of water a day are piped from Roaring Springs near the North Rim down Bright Angel Canyon through Phantom Ranch, across the Colorado River, and then pumped up to provide almost all the water to the South Rim tourist area. Day 6 of 16 days rafting 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire at PhotoSeek.com. .
    2103SW-C1320.jpg
  • A water lily, genus Nymphaea, blooms white & yellow in the koi pond at Allerton Garden, Kauai, Hawaii, USA. The genus name for water lilies, Nymphaea, is from the Greek nymphaia and Latin nymphaea, literally "water lily," inspired by the nymphs mythology. Ornamental Koi (nishikigoi, "brocaded carp") were selectively bred from domesticated common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Japan starting in the 1820s. If allowed to breed freely, the koi subspecies will revert to original carp coloration within a few generations. Native to Central Europe and Asia, carp were first bred for color mutations in China more than a thousand years ago, where selective breeding of the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) eventually developed goldfish (Carassius auratus), which is a species distinct from common carp and koi. Allerton Garden is on the south shore of Kauai, Hawaii, USA, at address: 4425 Lawai Rd, Koloa, HI 96756. Nestled in a valley transected by the Lawai Stream ending in Lawai Bay, Allerton Garden is one of five gardens of the non-profit National Tropical Botanical Garden (ntbg.org). Published in 2018 on the COVER and inside of 2019 Mark Nepo wall calendar, and also in the separate Meditation 2019 wall calendar, by Amber Lotus Publishing, Oregon. For licensing options for this image (not available for use in any other company's 2019 wall calendar, but otherwise licensable), please contact Tom Dempsey at Photoseek.com.
    1701HAW-1912.jpg
  • Merganser ducks / genus Mergus swim across water ripples which reflect blue sky and boat masts. Observe the extreme tides of Bay of Fundy lifting fishing boats at picturesque St. Martins, in Saint John County, New Brunswick, Canada. Bay of Fundy has the highest tidal range in the world, due to a resonance of being just the right length (270 km) matching the gravitational pushing cycle of the Moon that causes the tides. Coincidentally, the time it takes a large wave to go from the mouth of the bay to the inner shore and back is practically the same as the time from one high tide to the next. (You can see the effect of resonance for yourself by steadily pushing a long pan of water back and forth: an optimal pushing frequency for a given pan length will build up a high wave of water which sloshes out; but pushing too fast or too slow won't build up the big wave.) Two high tides occur per day, one when the ocean side is nearest the Moon, and one on the side of the Earth most distant from the Moon, about 12 hours and 25 minutes from one high tide to the next. The Bay of Fundy is on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. St. Martins (2006 population: 386) is 40 km east of Saint John. St. Martins (originally known as Quaco) was founded by Loyalists in 1783. Its important 1800s shipbuilding center faded, leaving tourism as today's major industry.
    1410CAN-320_St-Martins.jpg
  • Halo Lake is an attractive green pool of water in Caverns of Sonora, Sutton County, Texas, USA. The world-class Caverns of Sonora have a stunning and sparkling array of speleothems (helictites, stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, coral trees, and other calcite crystal formations). National Speleological Society co-founder, Bill Stephenson said, after seeing it for the first time, "The beauty of Caverns of Sonora cannot be exaggerated...not even by a Texan!" Geologically, the cave formed between 1.5 to 5 million years ago within 100-million-year-old (Cretaceous) Segovia limestone, of the Edward limestone group. A fault allowed gases to rise up to mix with aquifer water, making acid which dissolved the limestone, leaving the cave. Between 1 and 3 million years ago, the water drained from the cave, after which speleothems begain forming. It is one of the most active caves in the world, with over 95% of its formations still growing. Sonora Caves are on Interstate 10, about half-way between Big Bend National Park and San Antonio, Texas. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-368-69pan_Caverns-of-Sonora_T...jpg
  • Reflections in a water storage pond at La La Flegere. Chamonix, France, Europe. We hiked a loop to Lac Blanc and Lac de Chéserys, starting from atop the lift, "Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz" (5.8 miles with 1930 feet ascent and descent). This rewarding circuit covers the most scenic parts of Stage 10 (Étape 10) of the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB), but with less effort than starting from Tré-le-Champ. This hike on the Tour du Mont Blanc is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
    22ALP-02321-22-Pano.jpg
  • Pumpkin Spring is a geothermally-heated mineral water pool surrounded by bright-orange travertine on the shore of the Colorado River at Mile 212.9. Pumpkin Spring isn't safe for bathing or drinking due to high concentrations of arsenic, lead, and other minerals. Day 15 of 16 days rafting 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
    2103SW-C2548.jpg
  • The Water of Leith river flows through Dean Village, the site of old watermills in a deep gorge, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-4207-4219-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • The Water of Leith river flows through Dean Village, the site of old watermills in a deep gorge, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-4222_Scotland.jpg
  • The Water of Leith river flows through Dean Village, the site of old watermills in a deep gorge, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-4196-4201-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • Water cascades in a whitewater falls in Bowron Lake Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. On the 73-mile Bowron canoeing trip, paddle a rectangular circuit of wilderness lakes and portage your canoe rolled on wheels. The Cariboo Mountains are the northernmost subrange of the Columbia Mountains.
    93BOW_waterfall.jpg
  • Seaweed reaches to the undersurface of brightly reflecting water rippling in a colorful sealife tank at Oregon Coast Aquarium, Newport, Oregon, USA.
    2102OR2-705.jpg
  • Water droplets on skunk cabbage leaf. Juneau, Alaska, USA. For spectacular views over Mendenhall Glacier, hike the West Glacier (Mt. McGinnis) Trail 6-9.5 miles round trip, 1000-3200 feet gain, best late May-September. The Trailhead is a half mile from Mendenhall Campground entrance by road. A good trail skirts the northwest side of Mendenhall Lake then climbs through forest to the bare rock along the glacier's west side, where some scrambling and route finding skills are required. Mendenhall Glacier flows 12 miles from downtown Juneau. Mendenhall Glacier Recreation Area is a unit of Tongass National Forest. Mendenhall Glacier has retreated 1.75 miles since 1929, when Mendenhall Lake was created, and over 2.5 miles (4.0 km) since 1500. Since the mid 1900s, Alaska has warmed 3 degrees Fahrenheit and its winters have warmed nearly 6 degrees. Human-caused climate change induced by emissions of greenhouse gases continues to accelerate the warming of Alaska at an unprecedented rate. Climate change is having disproportionate effects in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of Earth.
    1906AKH-3656.jpg
  • The Water of Leith river flows through Dean Village, the site of old watermills in a deep gorge, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-4221_Scotland.jpg
  • The Water of Leith river flows through Dean Village, the site of old watermills in a deep gorge, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-4202-4206-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • Snorkelers: man & woman selfie in rippled water. We kayaked on a Kona Boys tour to the Captain Cook Monument in Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park starting from Napoopoo Pier, on the Kona Coast of the Big Island, Hawaii, USA. With one of the most pristine coral reefs for snorkeling in the state, Kealakekua Bay is protected as a State Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD). British Captain James Cook was the first European to reach the Hawaiian islands (in January 1778 at Waimea harbour on Kauai), and he named the archipelago the "Sandwich Islands." During his second voyage to the Hawaiian Islands, Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in 1779. Thought by the natives to be a god, due to his arrival during a celebration and time of peace for Lono, Cook was treated royally. But the following month he was killed in a skirmish on the shores of Ka'awaloa Cove following a series of incidents between his crew and the Hawaiians. In 1874, the 27-foot monument was erected nearby in Cook's honor by his countrymen. On the lava flats behind Cook Monument are the ruins of the ancient village of Ka'awaloa. For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
    1701HAW-3391.jpg
  • A snorkeler in pink shirt floating on turquoise water surface is photographed from below. Snorkel at Two-Step (Pae'a) on Honaunau Bay, located across Keoneele Cove from Pu'uhonu O Honaunau National Historical Park ("Place of Refuge"), on the Big Island of Hawaii, USA. Address of Pae'a: 84-5571 Honaunau Beach Rd, Captain Cook, HI 96704. For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
    1701HAW-3188.jpg
  • Water drops act like magnifier lenses on a green leaf. Hike the Beckler Peak Trail, 7.4 miles round trip with 2200 feet gain, in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA. See vistas of the town of Skykomish, Skykomish Valley, and Alpine Lakes Wilderness, Wild Sky Wilderness and Henry M. Jackson Wilderness. Directions: Drive US Highway 2 to near Milepost 52, and turn north onto Forest Service Road 6066. Drive 6.6 miles on a gravel road to the Jennifer Dunn Trailhead.
    1606BEK-005.jpg
  • Water reflects morning sun which shimmers underneath a pedestrian bridge in the Ghetto, in Cannaregio sestiere, Venice (Venezia), Italy, Europe. The Venetian Ghetto was where Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic starting in 1516, and from this the word "ghetto" originates. Venezia, founded in the 400s AD, is capital of Italy’s Veneto region, named for the ancient Veneti people from the 900s BC. The romantic City of Canals stretches across 100+ small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea, between the mouths of the Po and Piave Rivers. The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, a staging area for the Crusades, and a major center of art and commerce (silk, grain and spice trade) from the 1200s to 1600s. The wealthy legacy of Venice stands today in a rich architecture combining Gothic, Byzantine, and Arab styles. Venice and the Venetian Lagoon are honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
    13ITA-10005_Venice-Italy.jpg
  • Water drops collect like beads on leaves of lupines (Lupinus weberbauerii) in Tingopampa Valley, on the Santa Cruz Trek in Huascaran National Park, Peru, South America. Lupinus is a genus in the pea family (also called the legume, bean, or pulse family, scientific name Fabaceae or Leguminosae). UNESCO honored Huascaran National Park on the World Heritage List in 1985. Cordillera Blanca mountain range is in the Sierra Central of the Peruvian Andes.
    00PER-37-26_Lupine-drops.jpg
  • Three oar boats moor in emerald water at Thirasia Island (or Therasia), Greece.
    01GRE-11-02_Three-docked-oar-boats-T...jpg
  • Children plan in water at Swiftcurrent Lake, in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    10GLA-2648.jpg
  • Water drops collect like beads on a maple leaf in late September in Superior National Forest, Minnesota, USA.
    03MN-G0034.jpg
  • Water drops collect like beads on a maple leaf in late September in Superior National Forest, Minnesota, USA.
    03MN-G0033.jpg
  • Gulls drink fresh water from a stream flowing onto a beach south of Cape Meares, near Oceanside, on the Oregon coast, USA.
    08ORC-562.jpg
  • Icicles drip clear water. Washington, USA.
    04SNO-0006.jpg
  • Geen pool of knee-deep water in Zebra Slot Canyon, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA. From Hole-in-the-Rock Road, hike east on a well-trodden but unmarked path, 5 miles round trip with 450 feet total gain to Zebra Slot.
    20.10US1-0247.jpg
  • A hiker uses friction to stem over a pool of green water in Zebra Slot Canyon, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA. From Hole-in-the-Rock Road, hike east on a well-trodden but unmarked path, 5 miles round trip with 450 feet total gain to Zebra Slot.
    20.10US1-0173.jpg
  • Pinkerton Hot Springs soda water was bottled in 1892 for sale in Durango, Colorado, USA. James Harvey Pinkerton settled in the hot springs area in 1875. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3736-44-Pano.jpg
  • Pinkerton Hot Springs soda water was bottled in 1892 for sale in Durango, Colorado, USA. James Harvey Pinkerton settled in the hot springs area in 1875. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3718-19-Pano.jpg
  • Steamy blue-green water of Cistern Spring, Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
    1709US1-4341_Yellowstone-NP-WY.jpg
  • Green algae patterns on reflective water. Cadillac Heritage Nature Study Area, William Mitchell State Park, Cadillac, Michigan, USA. Walk the pleasant 2.5-mile Heritage Nature Trail on boardwalks and packed limestone starting from Carl T. Johnson Hunting and Fishing Center, through old-growth hardwood forest then around an old dike system which retains rich wetlands.
    1610MI-034.jpg
  • Two worlds: trees reflect on water surface with lily pads. Cadillac Heritage Nature Study Area, William Mitchell State Park, Cadillac, Michigan, USA. Walk the pleasant 2.5-mile Heritage Nature Trail on boardwalks and packed limestone starting from Carl T. Johnson Hunting and Fishing Center, through old-growth hardwood forest then around an old dike system which retains rich wetlands.
    1610MI-005.jpg
  • Oar boats moor in emerald water at Thirasia Island (or Therasia), Greece.
    01GRE-11-11_Oar-boats-Thirasia.jpg
  • Water falls in a cloud forest in the high altitude landscape above the Black Sheep Inn, near Chugchilan, along the Lago Quilotoa driving loop, Ecuador, the Andes, South America.
    09ECU-2447_Ecuador.jpg
  • Yellow boat bumpers reflect in rippled water of the Pacific Ocean. Puerto Ayora is capitol of Santa Cruz Island, and the largest town in the Galápagos Islands archipelago, a province of Ecuador, South America. In 1959, Ecuador declared 97% of the land area of the Galápagos Islands to be Galápagos National Park, which UNESCO registered as a World Heritage Site in 1978. Ecuador created the Galápagos Marine Reserve in 1998, which UNESCO appended in 2001. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    09ECU-5094_Galapagos.jpg
  • Water droplets form balls on a leaf of skunk cabbage (Lysichitum americanum, in the Calla Lily Family, Araceae), on the hike to Lake 22, in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington, USA.
    05L22_076.jpg
  • Ripples on the water surface distorts this view of an orange and red sea anemone at the Seattle Aquarium, Washington.
    0803AQU-17.jpg
  • Ripples on the water surface distorts this view of an orange and red sea anemone at the Seattle Aquarium, Washington. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. At the Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, the Art Committee selected this 17x22 inch print for display in the Jones Pavilion Level 11 Orthopedic Inpatient unit art collection, 2011.
    0803AQU-16.jpg
  • A pleasant pool of water on Hunter Canyon hiking trail, on BLM land, Moab Kane Creek Blvd, Moab, Utah, USA. The BLM (Bureau of Land Management) is part of the United States Department of the Interior. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1804SW-0043-51-Pano.jpg
  • A traveler fills a water bottle at a fountain decorated with statue and flowers, in Scuol, Engadine, Switzerland, the Alps, Europe. Scuol (or Schuls) is the terminal station of the "Rätische Bahn" (RhB), at 1244 meters or 4081 feet elevation in Graubünden canton. The Swiss valley of Engadine translates as the “garden of the En (or Inn) River” (Engadin in German, Engiadina in Romansh, Engadina in Italian). Published in Ryder-Walker Alpine Adventures "Inn to Inn Alpine Hiking Adventures" Catalog 2006, and in Wilderness Travel Catalog of Adventures 2014.
    05ALP_4237-Scuol-fountain.jpg
  • Hot springs water cools and deposits white travertine and hosts orange microbial mats at Orakei Korako Cave and Thermal Park, New Zealand, North Island
    07NZ_8058-Orakei-Korako-Thermal-Park.jpg
  • Hot springs water cools and deposits white travertine and hosts orange microbial mats at Orakei Korako Cave and Thermal Park, New Zealand, North Island
    07NZ_8055-Orakei-Korako-Thermal-Park.jpg
  • This water powered  prayer wheel (called mani chos-'khor or Mani wheel by the Tibetans) is a wheel on a spindle made from metal, wood, leather, or coarse cotton. On the wheel are written or encapsulated prayers or mantras. According to the Tibetan Buddhist belief, spinning such a wheel will have much the same effect as orally reciting the prayers. A prayer wheel symbolizes "turning the wheel of Dharma," which describes the way in which the Buddha taught. Sagarmatha National Park was created in 1976 and honored as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
    07NEP-3406.jpg
  • A water fall shoots out near Tolka, Nepal.
    07NEP-1774.jpg
  • Water streams over wood branches on the Pacific Crest Trail between Rainy Pass (on Highway 20) and Cutthroat Pass, Okanagon National Forest, Washington, USA.
    0907-291.jpg
  • Water streams on the Pacific Crest Trail between Rainy Pass (on Highway 20) and Cutthroat Pass, Okanagon National Forest, Washington, USA.
    0907-278.jpg
  • Water streams over a log on the Pacific Crest Trail between Rainy Pass (Highway 20) and Cutthroat Pass, Okanagon National Forest, Washington, USA.
    0907-233.jpg
  • Stairs descend the Historic Entrance of Mammoth Cave, which drips with water and is surrounded by trees with yellowing fall leaves. Mammoth Cave National Park was established in 1941 in Edmonson County, Kentucky, USA and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981 and international Biosphere Reserve in 1990. With over 390 miles (630 km) of passageways, the Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System is the longest known in the world. Mammoth Cave developed in thick Mississippian-aged limestone strata capped by a layer of Big Clifty Sandstone. Descending limestone layers include the Girkin Formation, Saint Genevieve Limestone, and Saint Louis Limestone.
    10MAM-102.jpg
  • A quiet pool of water in a stream covers round stones and reflects green leaves and blue sky. Washington, USA.
    05L22_100.jpg
  • Water streams over a log on the Pacific Crest Trail between Rainy Pass (Highway 20) and Cutthroat Pass, Okanagon National Forest, Washington, USA.
    0907-235.jpg
  • Water tumbles through Avalanche Gorge, in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
    02GLA-07-02_Avalanche-Gorge.jpg
  • The turquoise waters of Jancarurish Lake are colored by glacial flour from Nevado Alpamayo (19,511 ft or 5947 m), in Alpamayo Valley, Cordillera Blanca, Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. Day 7 of 10 days trekking around Alpamayo, in Huascaran National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). This panorama was stitched from 7 overlapping photos.
    14PER-2275-82pan_Jancarurish-Lake_Al...jpg
  • The turquoise waters of Jancarurish Lake are colored by glacial flour from Nevado Alpamayo (19,511 ft or 5947 m), in Alpamayo Valley, Cordillera Blanca, Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. Day 7 of 10 days trekking around Alpamayo, in Huascaran National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). This panorama was stitched from 8 overlapping photos.
    14PER-2232-40pan_Jancarurish-Lake_Al...jpg
  • The turquoise waters of Jancarurish Lake are colored by glacial flour from Nevado Alpamayo (19,511 ft or 5947 m), in Alpamayo Valley, Cordillera Blanca, Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. Day 7 of 10 days trekking around Alpamayo, in Huascaran National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). This panorama was stitched from 6 overlapping photos.
    14PER-2247-52pan_Jancarurish-Lake_Al...jpg
  • The turquoise waters of Jancarurish Lake are colored by glacial flour from Nevado Alpamayo (19,511 ft or 5947 m), in Alpamayo Valley, Cordillera Blanca, Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. Day 7 of 10 days trekking around Alpamayo, in Huascaran National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site).
    14PER-2291_Jancarurish-Lake_Alpamayo...jpg
  • The turquoise waters of Jancarurish Lake are colored by glacial flour from Nevado Alpamayo (19,511 ft or 5947 m), in Alpamayo Valley, Cordillera Blanca, Andes Mountains, Peru, South America. Day 7 of 10 days trekking around Alpamayo, in Huascaran National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site).
    14PER-2255_Jancarurish-Lake_Alpamayo...jpg
  • A wave rises outside a ship portal window in the rough waters of 400-mile-wide Drake Passage, on a cruise to Antarctica from Ushuaia, Argentina, South America.
    05ANT-35280.jpg
  • Rainbow Falls, Cape Otway, Great Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia. Rainbow Falls flow from a spring in the dune limestone, forming colorful orange, red, and brown limestone deposits as it flows over the rocks directly into the tideline of the Indian Ocean (or Southern Ocean according to Australian geographers). In direct afternoon sunlight, water flowing over the escarpment forms a beautiful rainbow. Walk to Rainbow Falls from Bimbi Park campground or from Cape Otway Lightstation. The Great Ocean Road (B100) is a 243-km road along the southeast coast of Australia between Torquay and Warrnambool, in the state of Victoria. Dedicated to casualties of World War I, the Great Ocean Road was built by returned soldiers between 1919 and 1932 and is the world's largest war memorial. Photo was captured with a polarizing filter to reduce reflections.
    04AUS-20073_water-algae_Cape-Otway-N...jpg
  • Lake Sägistal, in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, Europe. From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent). Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-11088.jpg
  • From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent) in Switzerland, Europe. Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-11062-63-Pano.jpg
  • A purple flower of Aconitum genus (aka aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, in the family Ranunculaceae) at Bachalpsee. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise, in Switzerland, Europe. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10445.jpg
  • Hiking near First gondola, Grindelwald, Switzerland, Europe. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise.. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10409-Pano.jpg
  • Staubbach Falls plunges 974 feet in Lauterbrunnen Valley, Switzerland, Europe. From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent). Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-11353.jpg
  • Staubbach Falls plunges 974 feet in Lauterbrunnen Valley, Switzerland, Europe. From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent). Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-11352.jpg
  • From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent) in Switzerland, Europe. Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    20220801_110537.jpg
  • Hikers at Bachalpsee. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise, in Switzerland, Europe. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10468.jpg
  • Hikers at Bachalpsee. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise, in Switzerland, Europe. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10423.jpg
  • Bachalpsee. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise, in Switzerland, Europe. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10422.jpg
  • Cow at Bachalpsee. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise, in Switzerland, Europe. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10418.jpg
  • Lake Thun, Interlaken, and Lake Brienz (German: Brienzersee) seen from a ridge near Schynige Platte, Switzerland, Europe. From Berghotel Faulhorn, we hiked the spectacular trail to Schynige Platte (6.9 miles, 400 feet ascent, 2660 ft descent). Then we took the scenic Schynige Platte cog train down to Wilderswil, where a train took us to Lauterbrunnen Bahnhof and adjacent Hotel Silberhorn. Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice with great views especially at sunset and sunrise, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-11157-60-Pano.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills. Panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    03PER-11-11-12pan_Salinas-salt-pans.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills. Panorama was stitched from 5 overlapping photos.
    03PER-09-02-06pan_Salinas_Inca-Salt-...jpg
  • Colorful microbial mats coat terraces of Grand Prismatic Spring in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0099.jpg
  • An intriguing island of tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2500_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • An intriguing island of tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters colored with yellow algae at South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2489_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-11-11-P1_Salinas-salt-pans.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-10-08_Salinas-salt-pan-workers.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-10-06_Salinas_Inca-Salt-Pans.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-09-03-P1_Salinas_Inca-Salt-Pan...jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-09-02-P2_Salinas_Inca-Salt-Pan...jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills.
    03PER-08-17-Salinas-Urubamba.jpg
  • Colorful microbial mats coat terraces of Grand Prismatic Spring in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978. Photo was published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.  Three overlapping images were stitched to make this panorama.
    04WY-0162-164pan-Grand-Prismatic-Spr...jpg
  • Colorful microbial mats coat terraces of Grand Prismatic Spring in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0100.jpg
  • Colorful microbial mats coat terraces of Grand Prismatic Spring in Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, next to those in New Zealand. The sterile blue water in the pool’s center is too hot to support life (87 degrees Centigrade or 188 F). Pure water selectively absorbs red wavelengths of visible light, making the center deep blue. But in cooler water along the edges, microbial mats of thermophilic (heat-loving) cyano-bacteria and algae thrive. Yellow, orange, and red pigments are produced by the bacteria as a natural sunscreen. As a result, the pool displays a spectrum of colors from the bright blue water of the center to the orange, red, and brown algal mats along the edges. Summer mats tend to be orange and red, whereas winter mats become dark green. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0065.jpg
  • Intriguing towers of calcium-carbonate decorate the South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. This panorama was stitched from 11 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2464-74pan_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • An intriguing island of tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange algae forms colorful mats. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2505_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Intriguing towers of calcium-carbonate decorate the South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. This panorama was stitched from 4 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2448-51pan_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2429_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange and yellow algae adds to the color palette of blues. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2406_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange and yellow algae adds to the color palette of blues. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2405_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Since pre-Inca times, salt farmers at the saltworks (salinas) near Maras have evaporated salty water from a subterranean stream in Peru, South America. A rough dirt road connects Maras (in the Urubamba/Vilcanota River Valley, Sacred Valley of the Incas) with Cuzco (40 km north) and other towns. The cooperative system of pond farmers was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier, and is traditionally available to any person wishing to harvest salt. Intricate channels redirect water flow through several hundred ancient terraced ponds. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, it becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as crystals. A pond keeper closes the water-feeder notch, allows the pond to go dry, then scrapes and carries away the dry salt. Salt color varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on "farmer" skills. Cropped from a 35mm film slide, 2003. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    03PER-11-09-Salinas-salt-pans_MASTER.jpg
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