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  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into yellow and blue patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0164.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into yellow and purple patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0102.jpg
  • Billion-year-old orange sedimentary rocks erode in complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0186.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into yellow and purple patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0100.jpg
  • Billion-year-old rock breaks into blue, orange, and red patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0129.jpg
  • A mountain goat surveys Hidden Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, or Rocky Mountain Goat) is a large-hoofed mammal found only in North America. It is an even-toed ungulate in the family Bovidae, in subfamily Caprinae (goat-antelopes), in the Oreamnos genus, but is NOT a true "goat" (or Capra genus). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    02GLA-05-03_Mountain-goat_Hidden-Lak...jpg
  • A mountain goat rests at Hidden Lake by Bearhat Mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, or Rocky Mountain Goat) is a large-hoofed mammal found only in North America. It is an even-toed ungulate in the family Bovidae, in subfamily Caprinae (goat-antelopes), in the Oreamnos genus, but is NOT a true "goat" (or Capra genus). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear as soon as 2020, say climate scientists.
    02GLA-06-26_Mountain-goat_Hidden-Lak...jpg
  • Billion-year-old seabed ripples are fossilized in a blue rock pattern on broken yellow and purple rocks above Logan Pass, in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0182.jpg
  • Billion-year-old rock breaks into a jagged pattern in Glacier National Park, Montana. This image is permanently displayed on the glass of two large lightboxes measuring 19.6 by 8.4 meters (64.3 ft wide x 27.5 ft high) and 16.3 by 3.5 meters (53.6 ft wide x 11.6 ft high), which wrap corners of the following skyscraper constructed by Axiom Builders in June 2019: SODO Residences, 620 10 Ave SW, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA (on the Corner of 5th St and 10 Ave SW). Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these older sediments over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    02GLA-04-38_Rock-edge-pattern.jpg
  • Billion year old sedimentary rocks form complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-0036.jpg
  • Billion year old sedimentary rocks form complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-0029.jpg
  • Billion-year-old orange and blue sedimentary rocks erode in complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0194.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into orange patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0168.jpg
  • Blue dikes infuse yellow orange sedimentary rocks at Dawson Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-2325.jpg
  • Blue dikes penetrate yellow orange sedimentary rocks at Dawson Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-2322.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-1091_Baring-Creek.jpg
  • Billion-year-old orange sedimentary rocks erode in complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0187.jpg
  • Billion year old sedimentary rocks form complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-0038.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-3459.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-3446.jpg
  • Blue dikes infuse yellow orange sedimentary rocks at Dawson Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-2316.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-1103_Baring-Creek.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-1099_Baring-Creek.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into blue patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0190.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into orange patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0169.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into yellow and purple patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0098.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-3506.jpg
  • Blue and white patterns penetrate brown sedimentary rocks at Dawson Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-2326.jpg
  • Billion-year-old orange sedimentary rocks erode in complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0188.jpg
  • Billion year old sedimentary rocks form complex patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-0041.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-1128_Baring-Creek.jpg
  • Baring Creek tumbles and falls over red sedimentary rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    07GLA-1102.jpg
  • Billion-year-old sedimentary rock erodes into blue patterns in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976).
    07GLA-0106.jpg
  • The Colorado River reflects ripples onto the underside of a shelf of sedimentary rocks. Day 8 of 16 days rafting 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
    2103SW-C1996.jpg
  • Sedimentary rock eroded into the landmark of Miners Castle at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA.
    03MI-G0031.jpg
  • Waves of Lake Superior cut a hole in the sedimentary rock of Miners Castle, at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA.
    03MI-G0028_Miners-Castle_Pictured-Ro...jpg
  • Baring Falls tumbles onto red rocks, a short walk downstream from Sunrift Gorge along the Going-to-the Sun Road in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    10GLA-3558.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting. The panorama was stitched from 8 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-079-86pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting. The panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-100-102pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting. The panorama was stitched from 6 overlapping photos.
    14NEC-028-33pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.  The panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-066-68pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.
    1410NY-065_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Arthur’s Seat (822 feet elevation) rises behind Salisbury Crags in Holyrood Park above Edinburgh, in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Holyrood Park holds a special place in the history of science: Edinburgh geologist James Hutton (1726-97), the father of modern geology, recognised that the Crags' rock had been injected in a molten state into older sedimentary rocks, disproving previous theories. He suggested that the Earth was very old, and continually changing. This startlingly new idea changed the way people thought about the earth, influencing other scientists such as Charles Darwin. The Crags' hard dolerite was quarried for street cobblestones from the mid-1600s until 1831, when the House of Lords decreed that no more stone should be removed, in order to protect the iconic landscape. The Crags are the glaciated remains of a Carboniferous dolerite sill, injected between sedimentary rocks which formed in a shallow sea some 340 million years ago. Glaciers sweeping outwards from the center of Scotland within the past 2 million years scraped this ancient geology into its present form.
    17SC1-4493_Scotland.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.
    1410NY-088_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.
    1410NY-087_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.  The panorama was stitched from 9 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-044-52pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting.  The panorama was stitched from 11 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-089-99pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Heart Lake, Adirondacks. Hike Mount Jo in the Adirondack Mountains, near Lake Placid, North Elba, New York, USA. Beautiful Heart Lake and Adirondak Loj (an historic lodge) lie at the foot of Mount Jo (2876 ft or 877 m elev), which is on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club (AMC). With a sweeping vista of the Great Range, Mt Jo offers one of the best views for the effort in the Adirondacks: ascend 710 feet or 216 m from the Loj in 2.6 miles roundtrip. From atop Mt. Jo, see the surrounding High Peaks Wilderness Area, a state Forest Preserve protected within Adirondack Park. Adirondack Park is the largest park in the contiguous USA and is the largest National Historic Landmark. Geologic history: The Adirondacks are very new mountains from old rocks, uplifting in a circular dome (160 miles wide and 1 mile high) over just the past 5 million years. Geologically, the Adirondacks are NOT in the Appalachians: instead, they are part of the Canadian Shield (or Laurentian or Precambrian Shield which underlies half of Canada). The Adirondacks are still rising fast, up to 3 mm per year, with a central core (High Peaks region) of intrusive igneous rock, Anorthosite (not common at Earth's surface but common on the Moon's surface), surrounded by a massive dome of 1-billion-year-old metamorphic gneiss rock, in turn surrounded by some younger sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the unrelated Appalachians have mostly younger sedimentary rocks, yet are among the world's oldest mountains and are no longer uplifting. The panorama was stitched from 9 overlapping photos.
    1410NY-105-113pan_Adirondacks.jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2753_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2761_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2795-2812-Pano_Badlands-NP-S...jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2783-85-Pano_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2768_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Panorama Point at sunrise. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US2-535-37-Pano_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Reddish twilight illuminates clouds in darkening blue sky over layers of ancient sediments on the Loop Road near the Interior Entrance of Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA. This park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2643-62-pan_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2250_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Pinnacles Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2868_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Yellow Mounds Overlook. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2849_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Panorama Point at sunrise. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2718_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Panorama Point at sunrise. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2714_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Panorama Point at sunrise. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US2-496-98-Pano_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA.
    1709US1-2270_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Reddish twilight illuminates clouds in darkening blue sky over layers of ancient sediments on the Loop Road near the Interior Entrance of Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA. This park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States.
    1709US1-2673-77-Edit_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2265-68-Pano_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2279-82-Pano_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Panorama Point at sunrise. Erosion has exposed layers of ancient colorful sediments. Badlands National Park has the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. South Dakota, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1709US1-2723_Badlands-NP-SD.jpg
  • Ladder Canyon and Painted Canyon Loop Trail, Mecca Hills Wilderness, managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office, near Mecca, California, USA. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0735.jpg
  • Roxborough State Park features strikingly tilted red sandstone formations in Colorado, USA. We hike up the pleasant Carpenter Peak Trail and back via Elk Valley loop and Fountain Overlook, 8.5 miles with 1600 feet gain. A shorter walk is to the Peak then directly back (6.2 miles and 1400 ft). Roxborough State Park is in Douglas County 25 miles south of Denver, Colorado, USA. Honored as a National Natural Landmark, Roxborough State Park features the spectacularly tilted sandstone of the Fountain Formation, laid down over 300 million years ago with the gradual erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. After millions of years of uplift and erosion, these red sandstones stand dramatically at a sixty degree angle. Also exposed is geology from the Precambrian to Late Mesozoic, including hogbacks of Cretaceous, Permian, and Pennsylvanian age. Erosion of steeply dipping monoclinal sedimentary sections has resulted in the series of three major hogbacks and strike valleys, exposing scenic dipping plates, spires and monoliths. Precambrian gneiss and biotite-muscovite granite are exposed on Carpenter Peak. The park is also a State Historic Site and National Cultural District, due to archaeological sites.
    1709US1-1697.jpg
  • A hiker explores the beautiful slot of Crack Canyon on public federal BLM land in San Rafael Swell, near Goblin Valley State Park, Utah, USA. As part of the Colorado Plateau, the San Rafael Swell is a giant dome-shaped anticline of sandstone, shale, and limestone (160-175 million years old) that was pushed up during the Paleocene Laramide Orogeny 60-40 million years ago. Since then, infrequent but powerful flash floods have eroded the sedimentary rocks into valleys, canyons, gorges, mesas, and buttes. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers American public lands.
    1503SW-0631_Crack-Canyon_pattern.jpg
  • See the sun set over the Adirondacks from atop Mount Philo State Park (established 1924), in Charlotte, Vermont, USA. From atop Mount Philo (968 feet elevation), see Lake Champlain and the Adirondack Mountains to the west and the Green Mountains to the east and south. Ascend via steep narrow car road (not suitable for RVs longer than 25 feet) or by trail. Mt. Philo is comprised of hard sedimentary rocks (Cambrian Monkton Quartzites) that are thrust over younger Ordovician rocks of the Stony Point Formation. Its Cambrian rocks were deposited 500 million years ago on a warm shallow marine shelf along the east coast of Laurentia (Proto North America) then tectonically uplifted.
    1410VT-052_Lake-Champlain.jpg
  • In Watkins Glen, the spellbinding Gorge Trail winds two miles over and under 19 waterfalls of Glen Creek, which descends 400 feet under 200-foot-high cliffs. Watkins Glen State Park is south of Seneca Lake in Schuyler County in the Finger Lakes region New York, USA. The Devonian sedimentary rocks are mostly soft shales, with some layers of harder sandstone and limestone.
    1410NY-564_Watkins-Glen.jpg
  • Sunrise. Visit Hopewell Rocks (Flowerpot Rocks) at Hopewell Cape, near Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. Hopewell Rocks have one of most extreme tidal ranges in the world: up to 16 meters (52 feet) vertically. Waves and tides twice per day have eroded the base of the rocks faster than the tops, leaving arches and curiously shaped formations of dark sedimentary conglomerate and sandstone rock. For best photo lighting, go in morning (or spectacular sunrise) during the first low tide of the day, safe for 3 hours before low tide until 3 hours after. Walking the beach is easy until its southern end, where The Ledges, a ridge of slippery limestone, can be clambered over to reach Demoiselle Beach. Bay of Fundy has the highest tidal range in the world, due to a resonance of being just the right length (270 km) matching the gravitational pushing cycle of the Moon that causes the tides. Due to the bay's optimal size, the time it takes a large wave to go from the mouth of the bay to the inner shore and back is practically the same as the time from one high tide to the next. (See the effect of resonance by steadily pushing a long pan of water back and forth: an optimal pushing frequency for a given pan size will build up a high wave of water which sloshes out; but pushing too fast or too slow won't build up the big wave.) Two high tides occur per day, one when the ocean side of the Earth is nearest the Moon, and one on the side most distant from the Moon, about 12 hours and 25 minutes from one high tide to the next. The Bay of Fundy is on the Atlantic coast of North America, on the northeast end of the Gulf of Maine between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Address: Hopewell Rocks Ocean Tidal Exploration Site (phone 506-734-3429), 131 Discovery Rd, Hopewell Cape, NB E4H 4Z5.  The panorama was stitched from 14 overlapping photos.
    1410CAN-459-72pan_Hopewell_Bay-of-Fu...jpg
  • See Mount Hunter and Mount McKinley from the confluence of the Talkeetna and Susitna Rivers at Talkeetna, Alaska, USA. Paddle a rubber raft. Denali (20,310 feet or 6191 meters, aka Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain peak in North America, and measured from base to peak, it is earth's tallest mountain on land. Mount McKinley is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the somewhat softer sedimentary rock above and around it.
    06AK_5149-Mts-Hunter-McKinley-p$1.jpg
  • Waterton Lakes National Park, Canadian Rockies, Alberta, Canada. In 1932, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park joined Glacier National Park in Montana with Waterton. UNESCO honored Waterton-Glacier as a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Geology: Rocks in these parks are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    02GLA-14-08E-Waterton-Lake.jpg
  • Many Glacier Hotel was built in 1915 on the shore of Swiftcurrent Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Book a boat tour at the dock. (Full 360 degree panorama stitched from 22 photographs.) Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    10GLA-3335-3356pan_Many-Glacier-Hote...jpg
  • Apikuni Creek tumbles over Apikuni Falls in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Hike 1.6 miles round trip ascending 880 feet, starting from Grinnel Glacier Exhibit 1.1 miles east of the Many Glacier Hotel. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    10GLA-2608-12pan_Apikuni-Falls.jpg
  • Apikuni Creek tumbles over Apikuni Falls in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Hike 1.6 miles round trip ascending 880 feet, starting from Grinnel Glacier Exhibit 1.1 miles east of the Many Glacier Hotel. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    10GLA-2585.jpg
  • Hike the Garden Wall Trail from Logan Pass through fields of flowers in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    10GLA-2056-59pan.jpg
  • Hike the Garden Wall Trail from Logan Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists. (Panorama stitched from 3 overlapping images.)
    10GLA-2019-21pan.jpg
  • Glacier National Park, Montana, USA: Hike to Ptarmigan Lake beneath the Ptarmigan Wall, then up to Ptarmigan Tunnel 11.2 miles round trip with 2500 feet gain. (A side trail departs at Ptarmigan Falls to visit Iceberg Lake, which can be a separate day hike, or long extension.) Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    07GLA-0682_Ptarmigan-Lake.jpg
  • Sunrise light hits Going-to-the-Sun Mountain and Little Chief Mountain in the Lewis Range above Saint Mary Lake (4484 feet / 1367 meters elevation) in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The Going-to-the-Sun Road runs along the north shore. Here the great plains end and the Rocky Mountains abruptly rise 5000 feet above the lake. Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists. (Panorama stitched from 2 overlapping images.)
    07GLA-0597-598pan_Saint-Mary-Lake.jpg
  • From Piegan Pass, hikers descend Cataract Creek Valley beneath the pinnacle of Mount Gould in the Lewis Range, in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. A scenic walking traverse starts from Siyeh Bend over Piegan Pass to Many Glacier, visiting glorious mountains, valleys and lakes over 13 miles (2260 feet up, 3520 feet down). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    07GLA-0460_Mount-Gould.jpg
  • Hikers approach Piegan Pass in the Lewis Range in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. A scenic walking traverse starts from Siyeh Bend over Piegan Pass to Many Glacier, visiting glorious mountains, valleys and lakes over 13 miles (2260 feet up, 3520 feet down). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear by 2020, say climate scientists.
    07GLA-0404_Piegan-Pass.jpg
  • Hikers descend into a slot along the Ladder Canyon and Painted Canyon Loop Trail, Mecca Hills Wilderness, managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office, near Mecca, California, USA. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0807.jpg
  • Ladder Canyon and Painted Canyon Loop Trail, Mecca Hills Wilderness, managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office, near Mecca, California, USA. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0799.jpg
  • Ladder Canyon and Painted Canyon Loop Trail, Mecca Hills Wilderness, managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office, near Mecca, California, USA. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0795.jpg
  • Ladder Canyon and Painted Canyon Loop Trail, Mecca Hills Wilderness, managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office, near Mecca, California, USA. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    20210329_081120.jpg
  • Sunset illuminates eroded land in Mecca Hills Wilderness. BLM dispersed campsite off Painted Canyon Road, Mecca, California, USA. Mecca Hills Wilderness is managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0707.jpg
  • Sunset illuminates eroded land in Mecca Hills Wilderness. BLM dispersed campsite off Painted Canyon Road, Mecca, California, USA. Mecca Hills Wilderness is managed by BLM's Palm Springs-South Coast Field Office. The Mecca Hills are deeply-eroded sedimentary badlands north of the Salton Sea, bounded on the west by the San Andreas Fault. Several parallel faults split the region. The original sediments were primarily lake and Colorado River deposits, later covered with alluvium as the uplifting hills eroded.
    2103SW-A0693.jpg
  • From a 500-foot headland at Otter Crest State Scenic Viewpoint, look south toward Otter Rock town, Sea Crest, Otter Crest, and Devils Punchbowl State Natural Area on the Oregon coast, USA. Below sedimentary rock lies 15-million-year -old volcanic basalt including ring dikes, eroded by Pacific Ocean waves.
    2102OR2-390.jpg
  • See the icy summit of Denali from scenic Curry Ridge Trail (6 miles round trip with 1000 feet gain) from K'esugi Ken Campground, in Denali State Park, Alaska, USA. At 20,310 feet elevation or 6191 m, the peak of Denali (previously known as Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain in North America. When measured from its base, it is earth's tallest (most prominent) mountain on land. Denali is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the softer surrounding sedimentary rock. Denali State Park is in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough adjacent to the east side of Denali National Park and Preserve along the Parks Highway.
    1906AKH-2395.jpg
  • Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. At 20,310 feet elevation or 6191 m, the peak of Denali (previously known as Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain in North America. When measured from its base, it is earth's tallest (most prominent) mountain on land. Denali is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the softer surrounding sedimentary rock.
    1906AKH-2122.jpg
  • At 20,310 feet elevation or 6191 m, the peak of Denali (previously known as Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain in North America. Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. When measured from its base, it is earth's tallest (most prominent) mountain on land. Denali is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the softer surrounding sedimentary rock.
    1906AKH-2110.jpg
  • Sanctuary River, Alaska Range. Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. At 20,310 feet elevation or 6191 m, the peak of Denali (previously known as Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain in North America. When measured from its base, it is earth's tallest (most prominent) mountain on land. Denali is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the softer surrounding sedimentary rock.
    1906AKH-1899.jpg
  • Rain shower over the Alaska Range. Denali National Park, Alaska, USA. At 20,310 feet elevation or 6191 m, the peak of Denali (previously known as Mount McKinley) is the highest mountain in North America. When measured from its base, it is earth's tallest (most prominent) mountain on land. Denali is a granitic pluton uplifted by tectonic pressure while erosion has simultaneously stripped away the softer surrounding sedimentary rock.
    1906AKH-1891.jpg
  • Balanced Rock. Garden of the Gods National Natural Landmark is run by the City of Colorado Springs in Colorado, USA. The park's outstanding geologic features of are ancient sedimentary beds of red, pink and white sandstones, conglomerates and limestone that were deposited horizontally, but have now been tilted vertically and faulted into fins by forces during uplift of the Rocky Mountains and Pikes Peak massif.
    1709US1-1765.jpg
  • Granite pinnacles soar above krumholtz trees atop Castle Dome Trail in Castle Crags State Park, just west of Interstate 5, between the towns of Castella and Dunsmuir, in California, USA. One of my favorite hikes in the state is to Castle Dome, on an excellent trail 5.8 miles round trip with 2100 feet gain. Geology: although the mountains of Northern California consist largely of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granite plutons intruded in many areas during the Jurassic period. Heavy Pleistocene glaciation eroded much of the softer surrounding rock leaving soaring crags and spires exposed. Exfoliation of huge, convex slabs of granite made rounded towers such as the prominent Castle Dome.
    1507CAL-2888_Castle-Crags-SP.jpg
  • Granite spires soar above Castle Dome Trail in Castle Crags State Park, just west of Interstate 5, between the towns of Castella and Dunsmuir, in California, USA. One of my favorite hikes in the state is to Castle Dome, on an excellent trail 5.8 miles round trip with 2100 feet gain. Geology: although the mountains of Northern California consist largely of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granite plutons intruded in many areas during the Jurassic period. Heavy Pleistocene glaciation eroded much of the softer surrounding rock leaving soaring crags and spires exposed. Exfoliation of huge, convex slabs of granite made rounded towers such as the prominent Castle Dome.
    1507CAL-2864_Castle-Crags-SP.jpg
  • Hike the spectacular Castle Dome Trail, in Castle Crags State Park, Castella, California. The majestic Castle Crags State Park is just west of Interstate 5, between the towns of Castella and Dunsmuir, in California, USA. One of my favorite hikes in the state is to Castle Dome, on an excellent trail 5.8 miles round trip with 2100 feet gain. Geology: although the mountains of Northern California consist largely of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granite plutons intruded in many areas during the Jurassic period. Heavy Pleistocene glaciation eroded much of the softer surrounding rock leaving soaring crags and spires exposed. Exfoliation of huge, convex slabs of granite made rounded towers such as the prominent Castle Dome. This panorama was stitched from 10 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2819-28pan_Castle-Crags-SP.jpg
  • Sunrise illuminates our campervan in Goblin Valley State Park Campground, San Rafael Swell, in central Utah, USA. Admire fanciful hoodoos, mushroom shapes, and rock pinnacles in Goblin Valley State Park, in Emery County between the towns of Green River and Hanksville. The Goblin rocks eroded from Entrada Sandstone, which is comprised of alternating layers of sandstone (cross-bedded by former tides), siltstone, and shale debris which were eroded from former highlands and redeposited in beds on a former tidal flat. As part of the Colorado Plateau, the San Rafael Swell is a giant dome-shaped anticline of rock (160-175 million years old) that was pushed up during the Paleocene Laramide Orogeny 60-40 million years ago. Since then, infrequent but powerful flash floods have eroded the sedimentary rocks into valleys, canyons, gorges, mesas, and buttes. This panorama was stitched from 6 overlapping photos.
    1503SW-0597-603pan_Goblin-Valley-Cam...jpg
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