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  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4115.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4061-65-Pano.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4132-39-Pano.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4141.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4105-07-Pano.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4123.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4088.jpg
  • Old mining ruins along the Million Dollar Highway, north of Silverton, Colorado, USA. Winding through Colorado's San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow fall foliage colors.
    1909US1-4019.jpg
  • Arthur’s Seat (822 feet elevation) rises behind Salisbury Crags in Holyrood Park above Edinburgh, in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Holyrood Park holds a special place in the history of science: Edinburgh geologist James Hutton (1726-97), the father of modern geology, recognised that the Crags' rock had been injected in a molten state into older sedimentary rocks, disproving previous theories. He suggested that the Earth was very old, and continually changing. This startlingly new idea changed the way people thought about the earth, influencing other scientists such as Charles Darwin. The Crags' hard dolerite was quarried for street cobblestones from the mid-1600s until 1831, when the House of Lords decreed that no more stone should be removed, in order to protect the iconic landscape. The Crags are the glaciated remains of a Carboniferous dolerite sill, injected between sedimentary rocks which formed in a shallow sea some 340 million years ago. Glaciers sweeping outwards from the center of Scotland within the past 2 million years scraped this ancient geology into its present form.
    17SC1-4493_Scotland.jpg
  • Intriguing towers of calcium-carbonate decorate the South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. This panorama was stitched from 11 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2464-74pan_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • A sign indicating the 1959 lake level of Mono Lake is visibly far from the current lake edge, photographed in July 2015, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the level of Mono Lake, which imperiled migratory birds and an important ecosystem. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies.
    1507CAL-2365_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange and yellow algae adds to the color palette of blues. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2406_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • A park sign prohibits climbing on our taking chunks of tufa rock towers, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2366_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-32_boats-Santorini.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-15_Nea-Kameni_Santorini.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4024.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2429_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Old wooden wagon. Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12335.jpg
  • This 1675 farmhouse, originally from Therwil in Basel-Landschaft canton, is now building #131 at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Bern canton, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12313.jpg
  • An antique indoor sink drains under a window directly to the outside. Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12240.jpg
  • 1800s bridal wagon at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Back in poorer times in rural Switzerland, this 1800s bridal wagon publicly paraded the proud newlywed couple's wealth in bedding and furniture.  Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12232.jpg
  • This 1780 vintner's house with half-timbered walls filled with wattle & daub, was originally from Richterswil in Zurich canton and is now building #611 at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Bern canton, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12210.jpg
  • 1900s schoolroom, installed in the 1750-1800 public laundry building #612 at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Bern canton, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12197.jpg
  • Fresh baked bread at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12149.jpg
  • 1760 granary from Ostermundigen, building #332 at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12143.jpg
  • 1700s Swiss folk costume at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12113.jpg
  • 1872 industrialist's villa, building #361 at Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Farmyard animals are raised, and some of the  buildings give live demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques, and cheesemaking.
    22ALP-12094-Pano.jpg
  • Jungfrau. From Kleine Scheidegg we took the Wengernalpbahn train to Lauterbrunnen in the Berner Oberland of Switzerland, the Alps, Europe. Wengernalpbahn is the world's longest continuous rack and pinion railway; runs from Grindelwald up to Kleine Scheidegg and down to Wengen and Lauterbrunnen.
    22ALP-12042.jpg
  • From Männlichen Gipfel see the peaks of the Eiger (Ogre 13,026 feet on the left), Mönch (Monk), and Jungfrau (Virgin 13,600 feet on right) in the Berner Oberland of Switzerland, the Alps, Europe. Grindelwald Valley drops left and Lauterbrunnen Valley right. The world's longest continuous rack and pinion railway (Wengernalpbahn) goes from Grindelwald up to Kleine Scheidegg and down to Wengen and Lauterbrunnen. A gondola (gondelbahn) connects Grindelwald with Männlichen, where a cable car goes down to Wengen (Luftseilbahn Wengen-Männlichen). From Männlichen station, walk uphill 15 minutes for a stunning summit view.
    22ALP-11750.jpg
  • Trümmelbach Falls (German: Trümmelbachfälle) are a series of ten glacier-fed waterfalls inside the mountain made accessible by a tunnel-funicular (built in 1913), stairs, and illumination, in Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland, Europe. In the Lauterbrunnen Valley, the creek called Trümmelbach drains the northerly glaciers of the Eiger (3967 m), Mönch (4099 m), and Jungfrau (4158 m) peaks.
    22ALP-11437-48-Pano-Edit.jpg
  • Hiking near First gondola, Grindelwald, Switzerland, Europe. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise.. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10409-Pano.jpg
  • "First Cliff Walk" in Grindelwald, Switzerland, Europe. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrise. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10339.jpg
  • Hiking near Waldspitz above Grindelwald, in Switzerland, Europe. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrisee. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls.
    22ALP-10195.jpg
  • Hiking near Waldspitz above Grindelwald, in Switzerland, Europe. From Grindelwald, we took the First gondola to Bort, then hiked via First to Berghotel Faulhorn (6 miles with 3650 feet ascent, 130 ft descent) to stay for an impressive sunset and sunrisee. (Or save effort by starting at First instead of Bort.) Berghotel Faulhorn was built in 1830, one of the oldest mountain hotels in the Alps. Earplugs are recommended for sleeping, as the old walls are thin. Perched on a remote precipice, Berghotel Faulhorn has flush toilets, but no drinking-water supply, nor guest showers. To save money, carry extra liters of drinking water from Grindelwald. In 2022, Berghotel Faulhorn charged 4 CHF per liter for hikers' tea, and 12 CHF per 1.5-liter bottle of drinking water. The hut's roof-gathered water is undrinkable (and our squeeze-filter didn't remove the bad taste). For personal hygiene, cold water is provided in the dormitory washroom, and the private rooms have nostalgic water jugs and bowls. For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
    22ALP-10162.jpg
  • The Schreckhorn and Upper Grindelwald Glacier seen from Glecksteinhütte above Grindelwald, in Switzerland, Europe. Gleckstein Hut (German: Glecksteinhütte) is a steep hike (6 miles round trip, 3000 feet gain and loss) high above Grindelwald in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Run by the Swiss Alpine Club, the hut is at 2,317 meters elevation, above the Upper Grindelwald Glacier in the Bernese Alps. It's a popular goal for hikers, and climbers use it as a base for the ascent of the Wetterhorn and the Schreckhorn. From Grindelwald, take the PostBus to Abzweigung Gleckstein stop at 1557 m elevation, halfway between Hotel Wetterhorn and Grosse Scheidegg pass. (Hiking from Hotel Wetterhorn trailhead at 1275 meters elevation will add 900 feet of climb for 3900 ft total gain.)
    22ALP-09955.jpg
  • Upper Grindelwald Glacier near Glecksteinhütte, above Grindelwald, Switzerland, Europe. Gleckstein Hut (German: Glecksteinhütte) is a steep hike (6 miles round trip, 3000 feet gain and loss). Run by the Swiss Alpine Club, the hut is at 2,317 meters elevation, above the Upper Grindelwald Glacier in the Bernese Alps. It's a popular goal for hikers, and climbers use it as a base for the ascent of the Wetterhorn and the Schreckhorn. From Grindelwald, take the PostBus to Abzweigung Gleckstein stop at 1557 m elevation, halfway between Hotel Wetterhorn and Grosse Scheidegg pass. (Hiking from Hotel Wetterhorn trailhead at 1275 meters elevation will add 900 feet of climb for 3900 ft total gain.)
    22ALP-09749.jpg
  • Hike behind a waterfall on the trail to Glecksteinhütte above Grindelwald, in Bern canton, Switzerland, Europe. Gleckstein Hut (German: Glecksteinhütte) is a steep hike (6 miles round trip, 3000 feet gain and loss). Run by the Swiss Alpine Club, the hut is at 2,317 meters elevation, above the Upper Grindelwald Glacier in the Bernese Alps. It's a popular goal for hikers, and climbers use it as a base for the ascent of the Wetterhorn and the Schreckhorn. From Grindelwald, take the PostBus to Abzweigung Gleckstein stop at 1557 m elevation, halfway between Hotel Wetterhorn and Grosse Scheidegg pass. (Hiking from Hotel Wetterhorn trailhead at 1275 meters elevation will add 900 feet of climb for 3900 ft total gain.)
    20220730_100223.jpg
  • As the last ice age melted 10,000 years ago, the impressive Aare Gorge (German: Aareschlucht) was carved by the river Aare through a limestone ridge, near the present town of Meiringen, in the Bernese Oberland region of Switzerland, Europe. A fee is charged to access this elaborate walkway, a series of tunnels and cantilevered boardwalks open to the public since 1889. The Entrances (aboveground West and underground East) are each linked to stations on the Meiringen-Innertkirchen railway. Walking to Aareschlucht from our Hotel Victoria was worthwhile as a 3-mile addition from 3-5:00pm on our Day 7 of hiking on the Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1). Day 7 began with hiking from Hotel Engstlenalp along Erzegg Ridge to Planplatten (6.7 miles, 1990 feet up, 750 ft down). From Planplatten, we rode 4 lifts down to Meiringen [via Gondelbahn to Mägisalp (Eagle-Express), Bidmi, and Reuti then via Luftseilbahn to Meiringen], where we walked to Hotel Victoria (0.4 miles).
    22ALP-09368-Pano.jpg
  • Cheesemaking at Schaukaserie (Showcase) Engstlenalp. Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1), Day 6: From Hotel Sonnwendhof in Engelberg, we rode the Titlis gondola lift to Trübsee, where we walked 0.7 mile to take the Jochpass chairlift to the top, where we walked down to Hotel Engstlenalp (2.3 miles with 1250 feet of descent) in Switzerland, Europe.
    22ALP-08913.jpg
  • A snowplow repacks the surface of a fast-melting snow walkway atop Mt. Titlis, above Engelberg, in Switzerland, Europe. Along both sides, insulating fabric attempts to preserve snow banks for the next ski season. In Engelberg, we rode the Titlis lift, the world's first rotating cable car. The Titlis cable car system connects Engelberg (996 m or 3,268 ft) to the summit of Klein Titlis (3,028 m or 9,934 ft) via stations at Trübsee and Stand. At Klein Titlis, we visited the illuminated Glacier Cave and Titlis Cliff Walk, the highest elevation suspension bridge in Europe, opened in December 2012, giving views across the Alps. We enjoyed walking 2 miles around scenic Trübsee, a circuit where six play stations for kids make an ideal family excursion, suitable for strollers. Scheduling 3 nights in Engelberg provided a well-needed rest break in the middle of hiking the first ten stages of the Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1).
    22ALP-08650.jpg
  • William Tell Museum, in Bürglen, Switzerland, Europe. Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1), Day 4: From Hotel Klausenpass, we hiked to Unterschachen (6.25 miles, 115 feet up, 3070 ft down) in Switzerland. From Unterschachen, we rode the Postbus to Bürglen, where we walked from the William Tell Museum to Hotel Höfli in Altdorf (1.1 miles, 280 ft down).
    22ALP-08072.jpg
  • Descending from Klausenpass. Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1), Day 4: From Hotel Klausenpass, we hiked to Unterschachen (6.25 miles, 115 feet up, 3070 ft down) in Switzerland, Europe. From Unterschachen, we rode the Postbus to Bürglen, where we walked from the William Tell Museum to Hotel Höfli in Altdorf (1.1 miles, 280 ft down).
    22ALP-07849.jpg
  • Urnerboden and Klausenpass seen from upper Linth Valley in Switzerland, Europe. Swiss Via Alpina (National Route 1), Day 3: From Alexander´s Tödiblick hotel in Braunwald, we walked to Urnerboden (8 miles, 1080 feet up, 1000 ft down). From Urnerboden, we rode the Postbus up to Hotel Klausenpass (saving 6 miles of walking).
    22ALP-07721-22-Pano.jpg
  • On the first day of our Swiss Via Alpina 1 route, we walked through grape vineyards above Mels (near Sargans) in Switzerland, Europe. We hiked from Hotel Schweizerhof in Mels to Hotel Gemse Wiesstannen (6.5 miles, 2200 feet up, 600 ft down). For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
    22ALP-07266-Pano.jpg
  • Our Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 10: starting from atop the Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz lift, we hiked from La Flégère to Planpraz (3.6 miles, 940 feet ascent, 600 ft descent) to catch Le Brévent cable car for sightseeing above, then took the Télécabine Planpraz lift down to Chamonix, in France, Europe. This routing covers the main highlights of "Stage 11" (Étape 11) of the standard counterclockwise Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) but with much less effort. This hiking day on the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
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  • Alp Bovine. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 8: hike from Hotel du Glacier in Champex-Lac to Hotel Col de la Forclaz, in Switzerland, Europe (8.6 miles with 2500 feet ascent, 2360 ft descent). This hiking day on the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
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  • Champex-Lac, Switzerland, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 7: hike from Hotel Edelweiss in La Fouly to Hotel du Glacier in Champex-Lac (9.3 miles with 1585 feet ascent, 1910 ft descent). This hiking day on the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
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  • In the village of Ferret, near La Fouly in Val Ferret, Switzerland, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 6: hike from Walter Bonatti Refuge in Italy to Hotel Edelweiss in La Fouly, Switzerland (12.9 miles with 3000 feet ascent, 4300 ft descent).
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  • Scenes of hiking in Val Ferret above Bonatti Refuge in Italy towards Grand Col Ferret. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 6: hike from Walter Bonatti Refuge in Italy to Hotel Edelweiss in La Fouly, Switzerland, Europe (12.9 miles with 3000 feet ascent, 4300 ft descent).
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  • Scenes from Bonatti Refuge at sunrise in Val Ferret, Italy, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 6: hike from Walter Bonatti Refuge in Italy to Hotel Edelweiss in La Fouly, Switzerland (12.9 miles with 3000 feet ascent, 4300 ft descent).
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  • Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 5: I hiked from Courmayeur via the Mont de la Saxe option to Walter Bonatti Refuge in Italy, Europe (10 miles with 5200 feet ascent, 2700 ft descent) (whereas the standard TMB route hiked separately by Carol was 8 miles with 3300 ft up, 700 ft down).
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  • Mont Blanc Massif seen from atop Aiguille du Midi, France, Europe. We reached Aiguille du Midi via the "Télécabine Panoramic Mont-Blanc" cable car, which crosses 5 kilometers of the Mont Blanc Massif in France from Aiguille du Midi to Pointe Helbronner. To reach Pointe Helbronner, we used Skyway Monte Bianco cable car, where the top platform splits the border between Italy & France, and the bottom station is in La Palud village just north of Courmayeur in the Aosta Valley.
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  • Hotel Pavillion in Courmayeur, in Aosta Valley, Italy, Europe
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  • Sunrise scenes around Elisabetta Refuge, near Courmayeur, Italy, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 4: hike from Elisabetta Refuge in Val Veny to Hotel Pavillion in Courmayeur (walking 6.9 miles with 1600 feet ascent and 2320 ft descent along the main TMB ridge route to Rifugio Maison Vieille, then taking the chairlift from Col Chécrouit and gondola lift down to Dolonne).
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  • Sunrise scenes around Elisabetta Refuge, near Courmayeur, Italy, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 4: hike from Elisabetta Refuge in Val Veny to Hotel Pavillion in Courmayeur (walking 6.9 miles with 1600 feet ascent and 2320 ft descent along the main TMB ridge route to Rifugio Maison Vieille, then taking the chairlift from Col Chécrouit and gondola lift down to Dolonne).
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  • The Casermetta of the Espace Mont-Blanc is an environmental educational facility below Col de la Seigne in Val Veny, near Courmayeur, Italy, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 3: hike from Les Chapieux in France via Col de la Seigne to Elisabetta Refuge in Val Veny (8.8 miles miles with 3450 feet ascent, 1440 ft descent).
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  • TMB trek Day 2: hiking across the green Col du Bonhomme during thunderstorm, in France, Europe. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 2: hike from Les Contamines-Montjoie via Col du Bonhomme to Les Chambres du Soleil in Les Chapieux hamlet, in Bourg-Saint-Maurice commune, France (11.4 miles with 4200 feet ascent, 3000 ft descent).
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  • Col du Bonhomme. Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB) trek Day 2: hike from Les Contamines-Montjoie via Col du Bonhomme to Les Chambres du Soleil in Les Chapieux hamlet, in Bourg-Saint-Maurice commune, France, Europe (11.4 miles with 4200 feet ascent, 3000 ft descent).
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  • Lac Blanc. We hiked a loop to Lac Blanc and Lac de Chéserys, starting from atop the lift, "Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz" (5.8 miles with 1930 feet ascent and descent) above Chamonix, in France, Europe. This rewarding circuit covers the most scenic parts of Stage 10 (Étape 10) of the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB), but with less effort than starting from Tré-le-Champ. This hike on the Tour du Mont Blanc is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
    22ALP-02412-14-Pano.jpg
  • We hiked a loop to Lac Blanc and Lac de Chéserys, starting from atop the lift, "Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz" (5.8 miles with 1930 feet ascent and descent) above Chamonix, in France, Europe. This rewarding circuit covers the most scenic parts of Stage 10 (Étape 10) of the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB), but with less effort than starting from Tré-le-Champ. This hike on the Tour du Mont Blanc is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
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  • Hiking groups ascend from Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz lift station. Chamonix, France, Europe. We hiked a loop to Lac Blanc and Lac de Chéserys, starting from atop the lift, "Télécabine Flégère–Les Praz" (5.8 miles with 1930 feet ascent and descent) above Chamonix, in France, Europe. This rewarding circuit covers the most scenic parts of Stage 10 (Étape 10) of the Tour du Mont Blanc (TMB), but with less effort than starting from Tré-le-Champ. This hike on the Tour du Mont Blanc is also part of the Walker’s Haute Route (from Chamonix to Zermatt).
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  • Seen from Le Signal Forbes trail, the Mer de Glace ("Sea of Ice") glacier emerges from the Mont Blanc massif below the Needles of Chamonix. We hiked the Grand North Balcony from Plan de l'Aiguille to Montenvers (4.3 miles one way with 2000 feet vertical ascent and 700 ft descent), above Chamonix, in France, Europe.
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  • Hike the Grand North Balcony from Plan de l'Aiguille to Montenvers, above Chamonix, in France, Europe (4.3 miles one way with 2000 feet vertical ascent and 700 ft descent).
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  • Lac Bleu. Hike the Grand North Balcony from Plan de l'Aiguille to Montenvers, above Chamonix, in France, Europe (4.3 miles one way with 2000 feet vertical ascent and 700 ft descent). For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
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  • Historic San Simeon Village Schoolhouse (1881 to 1950), below Hearst Castle on the hill. California, USA. The one-room Pacific Schoolhouse saw generations of ranching children — including George and Phoebe Hearst’s son, William Randolph Hearst. Other students included Pete Sebastian, the last Sebastian to own Sebastian’s General Store, as well as Hearst’s grandson, John Hearst Jr. William Randolph Hearst started to build a fabulous estate on his ranchland overlooking the village of San Simeon in 1919. He called the estate "La Cuesta Encantada" - Spanish for The Enchanted Hill. By 1947, the hilltop complex included a twin-towered main building, three sumptuous guesthouses, and 127 acres of terraced gardens, fountains, and pools.
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  • San Simeon Pier, William R. Hearst Memorial State Beach, California, USA
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  • The Mammoth Site is a fascinating museum and active paleontological site in the town of Hot Springs, in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. It is the largest collection of in-situ mammoth remains in the world. Sheltered within the building is an ongoing excavation of a prehistoric sinkhole filled with the remains of animals and plants preserved by entrapment and burial around 140,000 years ago, in the Late Pleistocene. Since mammoth bones were found here accidentally in 1974, the remains of 61 mammoths have been recovered (including 58 North American Columbian and 3 woolly mammoths as of 2021). Due to geological conditions after the animals were trapped, the excavated "fossil" bones are not petrified or turned to stone, so are very brittle, requiring professional handling.
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  • A full-sized skeleton diorama of the Agate waterhole 20 million years ago shows two entelodont mammals and a small beardog scavenging a chalicothere carcass (related to horse and rhino), at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Harrison, Nebraska, USA. The entelodont (Dinohyus hollandi) was a hoofed mammal 6-8 feet tall at the shoulder, with powerful jaws and teeth for eating both carrion and plants. The smaller skeleton in the foreground  is a beardog (Daphoenodon superbus, the most common carnivore at the Agate waterhole site), which preyed upon juvenile rhinos, camels, and oreodonts. The chalicothere (Moropus elatus) was related to the horse and rhino, standing 6 feet tall at the shoulder and having 3-toed, claw-like hooves. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument boasts some of the most well-preserved Miocene fossils in the world. The park is near Harrison, Nebraska, USA. Agate’s grass-covered plains and flat-top buttes represent 20 million years of natural history. This valley of the Niobrara River contains important fossils found on Carnegie Hill and University Hill.
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  • A full-sized skeleton diorama of the Agate waterhole 20 million years ago shows three startled chalicothere skeletons (Moropus elatus, related to the horse and rhino), standing 6 feet tall at the shoulder and having 3-toed, claw-like hooves. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument boasts some of the most well-preserved Miocene fossils in the world. The park is near Harrison, Nebraska, USA. Agate’s grass-covered plains and flat-top buttes represent 20 million years of natural history. This valley of the Niobrara River contains important fossils found on Carnegie Hill and University Hill.
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  • Lakota leader Red Cloud's shirt was made from 2 tanned antelope hides and decorated with dyed porcupine quills. Red Cloud gifted the shirt to James Cook, owner of Agate Springs Ranch. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument boasts some of the most well-preserved Miocene fossils in the world. The park is near Harrison, Nebraska, USA. Agate’s grass-covered plains and flat-top buttes represent 20 million years of natural history. This valley of the Niobrara River contains important fossils found on Carnegie Hill and University Hill.
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  • The natural landmark of Chimney Rock was frequently acclaimed in mid-1800s diaries on the Oregon Trail, California Trail, and Mormon Trail. At Chimney Rock National Historic Site in Nebraska, a slender rock spire rises 325 feet from a conical base. Modern travelers can see it along U.S. Route 26 and Nebraska Highway 92. At 4228 feet above sea level, the distinctive formation towers 480 feet above the adjacent North Platte River Valley. Its layers of volcanic ash and brule clay date to the Oligocene Age (34 million to 23 million years ago).
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  • A wood sign marks the entrance to John Muir Wilderness in Inyo National Forest, on the Brainard Lake Trail, along Big Pine Creek South Fork, in California, USA. From the day hikers parking lot, we walked 9.2 miles round trip with 2800 feet gain to Brainerd (or Brainard) Lake (which would be 1.5 miles further round trip from the overnight hikers lot).
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  • Sunrise Day Lodge in summer 2021, Mountain Rainier National Park, Washington, USA.
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  • We hiked to the prehistoric Nankoweap Granaries (1 mile round trip with 700-foot gain) from Main Nankoweap Camp at Colorado River Mile 53.4 for this view of Marble Canyon. In 1960, archaeologist Douglas W. Schwartz found corncobs, a pumpkin shell, and pumpkin seeds inside the granaries, evidently harvested from Nankoweap Creek Delta by Ancestral Puebloans between AD 1050 and 1150. This image is from Day 3 of 16 days boating 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
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  • Bass's camp from the early 1900s features old rusting kitchenware. From Parkins Inscription Camp, we hiked North Bass Trail to Shinumo Creek. A dip in the rushing waters of Shinumo Creek refreshed us on an unusually hot April day. Parkins Inscription Camp is at Colorado River Mile 108.6 (measured downstream from Lees Ferry). Day 7 of 16 days rafting 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
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  • Shipwreck skeleton at sunset. In 1906, the crew of the sailing ship Peter Iredale took refuge at Fort Stevens, after she ran aground on Clatsop Spit. The wreck is visible today, within Fort Stevens State Park, along the Oregon Coast, USA. Active from 1863–1947, Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens.
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  • In 1906, the crew of the sailing ship Peter Iredale took refuge at Fort Stevens, after she ran aground on Clatsop Spit. The wreck is visible today, within Fort Stevens State Park, along the Oregon Coast, USA. Active from 1863–1947, Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. Multiple overlapping photos were stitched to make this panorama.
    2102OR1-108-109-Pano.jpg
  • Shipwreck skeleton at sunset. In 1906, the crew of the sailing ship Peter Iredale took refuge at Fort Stevens, after she ran aground on Clatsop Spit. The wreck is visible today, within Fort Stevens State Park, along the Oregon Coast, USA. Active from 1863–1947, Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens.
    2102OR1-114-115-Pano.jpg
  • Battery Russell in Fort Stevens State Park, on the Oregon coast, USA. Fort Stevens operated from 1863–1947 as part of a three-fort American military system defending the Columbia River Mouth. Built near the end of the American Civil War, this American military installation was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. In June 1942 during World War II, a Japanese submarine fired 17 rounds upon Fort Stevens (luckily causing causing no real damage), making it the only military base on the Continental United States to be fired upon by an enemy since the War of 1812.
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  • A concrete spiral stairwell at Battery Russell in Fort Stevens State Park, on the Oregon coast, USA. Fort Stevens operated from 1863–1947 as part of a three-fort American military system defending the Columbia River Mouth. Built near the end of the American Civil War, this American military installation was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. In June 1942 during World War II, a Japanese submarine fired 17 rounds upon Fort Stevens (luckily causing causing no real damage), making it the only military base on the Continental United States to be fired upon by an enemy since the War of 1812.
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  • Battery Russell Lower Ammunition Bunker and Quarters at Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon Coast, USA. Active from 1863–1947, Fort Stevens was part of a three-fort American miltary system defending the mouth of the Columbia River. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. In June 1942 during World War II, a Japanese submarine fired 17 rounds upon Fort Stevens (luckily causing causing no real damage), making it the only military base on the Continental United States to be fired upon by an enemy since the War of 1812.
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  • 1893 Heceta Head Lightstation, at Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint, on the Oregon coast, USA. Here, the Siuslaw Indians traditionally hunted sea lions and gathered sea bird eggs from offshore rocks. While seeking to extend Spanish hegemony in the late 1700s, Spanish explorer Bruno de Heceta mapped the mouth of the Columbia River and much more along the Pacific Northwest coast; and in 1862, the US Coast Survey named Heceta Head in his honor. Built atop a 56-foot tower in 1893, this Lightstation's coastal safety beacon was first illuminated in 1894. Perched 205 feet above the ocean, its fresnel lens focuses the brightest light on the Oregon coast, visible up to 21 miles out to sea. Heceta Head is found halfway between Yachats and Florence (2.1 miles south of Carl Washburne State Park). From the large parking lot, walk 1 mile round trip to the Lighthouse. (Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint was created in the 1990s by combining Heceta Head State Park with the former Devils Elbow State Park at the scenic cove at the mouth of Cape Creek.)
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  • Visitors relax in chairs on the scenic beach at the mouth of Cape Creek, at Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint on the Oregon coast, USA. Heceta Head Lightstation was built 1893 on the Oregon coast, USA. In this area, the Siuslaw Indians traditionally hunted sea lions and gathered sea bird eggs from offshore rocks. Heceta Head is named after Spanish explorer Bruno de Heceta, who explored the Pacific Northwest during the late 1700s. The light at top of 56-foot tower was first illuminated in 1894. Perched 205 feet above the ocean, its fresnel lens beams the brightest light on the Oregon coast, visible up to 21 miles out to sea. Location: Halfway between Cape Perpetua and Florence, a turnoff just south of Carl Washburne State Park (which has a great campground) takes you to the parking lot on a beach, where you can walk a half mile to the lighthouse. Heceta Head State Park (which includes Devils Elbow State Park) is the cove at the mouth of Cape Creek.
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  • Historic farm harvesting equipment in Benton Hot Springs, Mono County, California, USA. Benton Hot Springs (elevation 5630 feet) saw its heyday from 1862 to 1889 as a supply center for nearby mines. At the end of the 1800s, the town declined and the name Benton was transferred to nearby Benton Station.
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  • A pattern of makeshift metal siding rusts on historic Madsen House. For a homespun taste of Patagonian history, don't miss the Andreas Madsen House Museum, seen via private tour led by Walk Patagonia, starting from their office at Avenida Antonio Rojo 62 (https://walk-trek.tur.ar) in El Chalten, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Danish pioneer Andreas Madsen arrived in 1905 and built the first house in El Chaltén, on his farm named Estancia Cerro Fitz Roy. Walk an easy 6 km round trip to visit his family home along Rio de las Vueltas, within Los Glaciares National Park, in view of Cerro Fitz Roy (3405 m or 11,171 ft elevation). Chaltén comes from a Tehuelche word meaning "smoking mountain", due to clouds that usually form over Monte Fitz Roy. The town is 220 km north of El Calafate.
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  • In Argentina, Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of Hands) displays some of the earliest known human art in the Americas. Located in a scenic canyon of the Pinturas River, Cave of Hands is reached by remote paved and steep gravel roads, 169 km (105 miles) south of the town of Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, in the South American region of Patagonia. This striking artwork is honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Dating to around 5000 BCE, the silhouette paintings of mostly left hands were sprayed using a bone pipe held in the right hand. The age of the paintings was calculated from pigments found in layers of charcoal from human fires and bone remains of the spraying pipes. The hunting scenes (mostly guanaco) and representations of animals and human life all date older than the stenciled hands, to around 7300 BCE. A favorite hunting tool was the bola, where interconnected cords with weights on either end were thrown to trap animal legs. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Cueva de las Manos was first explored by researchers in 1949, followed by more extensive studies done in the 1960s. Varying paint colors come from different mineral pigments: iron oxides for red and purple, kaolin for white, natrojarosite for yellow, and manganese oxide for black.
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  • In Argentina, Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of Hands) displays some of the earliest known human art in the Americas. Located in a scenic canyon of the Pinturas River, Cave of Hands is reached by remote paved and steep gravel roads, 169 km (105 miles) south of the town of Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, in the South American region of Patagonia. This striking artwork is honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Dating to around 5000 BCE, the silhouette paintings of mostly left hands were sprayed using a bone pipe held in the right hand. The age of the paintings was calculated from pigments found in layers of charcoal from human fires and bone remains of the spraying pipes. The hunting scenes (mostly guanaco) and representations of animals and human life all date older than the stenciled hands, to around 7300 BCE. A favorite hunting tool was the bola, where interconnected cords with weights on either end were thrown to trap animal legs. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Cueva de las Manos was first explored by researchers in 1949, followed by more extensive studies done in the 1960s. Varying paint colors come from different mineral pigments: iron oxides for red and purple, kaolin for white, natrojarosite for yellow, and manganese oxide for black.
    2002PAT-0458.jpg
  • Located in a scenic canyon of the Pinturas River, Cave of Hands is reached by remote paved and steep gravel roads, 169 km (105 miles) south of the town of Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, in the South American region of Patagonia. In Argentina, Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of Hands) displays some of the earliest known human art in the Americas. This striking artwork is honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Dating to around 5000 BCE, the silhouette paintings of mostly left hands were sprayed using a bone pipe held in the right hand. The age of the paintings was calculated from pigments found in layers of charcoal from human fires and bone remains of the spraying pipes. The hunting scenes (mostly guanaco) and representations of animals and human life all date older than the stencilled hands, to around 7300 BCE. A favorite hunting tool was the bola, where interconnected cords with weights on either end were thrown to trap animal legs. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Cueva de las Manos was first explored by researchers in 1949, followed by more extensive studies done in the 1960s. Varying paint colors come from different mineral pigments: iron oxides for red and purple, kaolin for white, natrojarosite for yellow, and manganese oxide for black.
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  • The Smith Premier No. 4 typewriter, 1890s-1940. San Juan County Historical Society Museum, Silverton, Colorado, USA. Silverton is a former silver mining camp, now the federally-designated Silverton Historic District. Durango is linked to Silverton by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, a National Historic Landmark. Silverton no longer has active mining, but subsists on tourism, maintenance of US 550 (which links Montrose with Durango), mine pollution remediation, and retirees.
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  • Wheels make a fence in Silverton, Colorado, USA. Silverton is a former silver mining camp, now the federally-designated Silverton Historic District. Durango is linked to Silverton by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, a National Historic Landmark. Silverton no longer has active mining, but subsists on tourism, maintenance of US 550 (which links Montrose with Durango), mine pollution remediation, and retirees.
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  • Two Raven House is a single-story pueblo that was inhabited intermittently for about 300 years, from 850-1150 CE on Wetherill Mesa. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. It was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Long House, built 1150-1300 CE on Wetherill Mesa. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. It was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Square Tower House, built 1100 CE on Chapin Mesa. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. It was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico.
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  • Spruce Tree House was built between 1211-1278 CE on Chapin Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States, and was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico.
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  • South Stockade and Twin Mounds. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site preserves the largest prehistoric Native American city north of Mexico. Cahokia existed circa 1050–1350 CE, in what is now southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville, across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The present park contains about 80 manmade earthen mounds, but at its apex around 1100 CE, Cahokia included about about 120 mounds and covered 6 square miles (16 km2) with a population briefly greater than contemporaneous London. Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning 1,000+ years before European contact. Cahokia Mounds is one of 24 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States, and is the largest archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • The Pink House, bunkhouse and barn preserved at John Moulton Homestead, at the corner of Mormon Row and Antelope Flats Road, in the valley of Jackson Hole, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Cabin ruins on Gros Ventre Road in the valley of Jackson Hole, in Grand Teton National Park, in Wyoming, USA.
    1909US1-0447.jpg
  • The White Pass and Yukon Route is a narrow-gauge railroad built in 1900 linking the port of Skagway, Alaska, with Whitehorse, the capital of Yukon in Canada. Recapturing the Gold Rush era, it is the most popular land excursion from Alaska cruises. Isolated from any other railroad system, its equipment, freight and passengers are ferried by ship via the Port of Skagway, and by road at a few stops. It was built 1898-1900 during the Klondike Gold Rush to reach the goldfields, and became the primary route to the interior of the Yukon, replacing the Chilkoot Trail and other routes. The route continued operation until 1982, and in 1988 was partially revived as a heritage railway. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5670.jpg
  • Ten-foot blades of the Cooke Rotary Snowplow were built in 1899 to clear the White Pass & Yukon Route's raiways. Skagway, Alaska, USA. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Skagway's population of about 1150 people doubles in the summer tourist season to manage more than one million visitors per year. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5079.jpg
  • Skagway Alaska Street Car Tour bus. Skagway, Alaska, USA. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Skagway's population of about 1150 people doubles in the summer tourist season to manage more than one million visitors per year. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5075.jpg
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