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  • A park sign prohibits climbing on our taking chunks of tufa rock towers, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2366_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-32_boats-Santorini.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4024.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2429_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4105-07-Pano.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4123.jpg
  • A sign indicating the 1959 lake level of Mono Lake is visibly far from the current lake edge, photographed in July 2015, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the level of Mono Lake, which imperiled migratory birds and an important ecosystem. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies.
    1507CAL-2365_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-15_Nea-Kameni_Santorini.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4115.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4061-65-Pano.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4132-39-Pano.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4141.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4088.jpg
  • Old mining ruins along the Million Dollar Highway, north of Silverton, Colorado, USA. Winding through Colorado's San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow fall foliage colors.
    1909US1-4019.jpg
  • Arthur’s Seat (822 feet elevation) rises behind Salisbury Crags in Holyrood Park above Edinburgh, in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Holyrood Park holds a special place in the history of science: Edinburgh geologist James Hutton (1726-97), the father of modern geology, recognised that the Crags' rock had been injected in a molten state into older sedimentary rocks, disproving previous theories. He suggested that the Earth was very old, and continually changing. This startlingly new idea changed the way people thought about the earth, influencing other scientists such as Charles Darwin. The Crags' hard dolerite was quarried for street cobblestones from the mid-1600s until 1831, when the House of Lords decreed that no more stone should be removed, in order to protect the iconic landscape. The Crags are the glaciated remains of a Carboniferous dolerite sill, injected between sedimentary rocks which formed in a shallow sea some 340 million years ago. Glaciers sweeping outwards from the center of Scotland within the past 2 million years scraped this ancient geology into its present form.
    17SC1-4493_Scotland.jpg
  • Intriguing towers of calcium-carbonate decorate the South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. This panorama was stitched from 11 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2464-74pan_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange and yellow algae adds to the color palette of blues. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2406_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Molar teeth of a mammoth. The Mammoth Site is a fascinating museum and active paleontological site in the town of Hot Springs, in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. It is the largest collection of in-situ mammoth remains in the world. Sheltered within the building is an ongoing excavation of a prehistoric sinkhole filled with the remains of Pleistocene animals and plants preserved by entrapment and burial. Since mammoth bones were found here accidentally in 1974, the remains of 61 mammoths have been recovered (including 58 North American Columbian and 3 woolly mammoths as of 2021). Due to geological conditions after the animals were trapped around 140,000 years ago, the excavated "fossil" bones are not petrified or turned to stone, so are very brittle, requiring professional handling.
    2109SD-080.jpg
  • A beardog skeleton wears a pandemic mask in a diorama at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska, USA. The beardog (Daphoenodon superbus) was the most common carnivore at the Agate waterhole site 20 million years ago, preying upon juvenile rhinos, camels, and oreodonts. Agate Fossil Beds National Monument boasts some of the most well-preserved Miocene fossils in the world. The park is near Harrison, Nebraska, USA. Agate’s grass-covered plains and flat-top buttes represent 20 million years of natural history. This valley of the Niobrara River contains important fossils found on Carnegie Hill and University Hill.
    2109NE-50.jpg
  • Prairie emigrants used covered farm wagons like this (but not heavy boat-shaped Conestoga wagons), on display at Chimney Rock National Historic Site, Bayard, Nebraska,  USA. At Chimney Rock, a slender rock spire rises 325 feet from a conical base, serving as an impressive natural landmark along the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Mormon Trail during the mid-1800s. Modern travelers can see it along U.S. Route 26 and Nebraska Highway 92. At 4228 feet above sea level, the distinctive formation towers 480 feet above the adjacent North Platte River Valley. Its layers of volcanic ash and brule clay date to the Oligocene Age (34 million to 23 million years ago).
    2109NE-23.jpg
  • The Black Suspension Bridge (aka Kaibab Trail Suspension Bridge) was built in 1928 over the Colorado River in the inner canyon of Grand Canyon National Park. The 440-foot long bridge allows mules and pedestrians to reach Phantom Ranch. Photographed on Day 6 of 16 days rafting 226 miles down the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
    2103SW-B0491.jpg
  • Battery Russell in Fort Stevens State Park, on the Oregon coast, USA. Fort Stevens operated from 1863–1947 as part of a three-fort American military system defending the Columbia River Mouth. Built near the end of the American Civil War, this American military installation was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. In June 1942 during World War II, a Japanese submarine fired 17 rounds upon Fort Stevens (luckily causing causing no real damage), making it the only military base on the Continental United States to be fired upon by an enemy since the War of 1812.
    2102OR2-050.jpg
  • Panorama: Battery Russell defended Columbia River Mouth from 1863–1947 at Fort Stevens, on the Oregon coast, USA. Fort Stevens operated from 1863–1947 as part of a three-fort American military system defending the Columbia River Mouth. Built near the end of the American Civil War, this American military installation was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac I. Stevens. In June 1942 during World War II, a Japanese submarine fired 17 rounds upon Fort Stevens (luckily causing causing no real damage), making it the only military base on the Continental United States to be fired upon by an enemy since the War of 1812. Multiple overlapping photos were stitched to make this panorama.
    2102OR2-043-47-Pano.jpg
  • Red and clear Fresnel lens of the beacon at Cape Meares Lighthouse, built 1890. This Lightstation is now inactive. Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint, Oceanside, Oregon coast, USA.
    2102OR2-356.jpg
  • Rusting V8 truck with flat tire in Benton Hot Springs, Mono County, California, USA. Benton Hot Springs (elevation 5630 feet) saw its heyday from 1862 to 1889 as a supply center for nearby mines. At the end of the 1800s, the town declined and the name Benton was transferred to nearby Benton Station.
    2007CA-1280.jpg
  • Rusting plow blades in historic Benton Hot Springs, Mono County, California, USA. Benton Hot Springs (elevation 5630 feet) saw its heyday from 1862 to 1889 as a supply center for nearby mines. At the end of the 1800s, the town declined and the name Benton was transferred to nearby Benton Station.
    2007CA-1270.jpg
  • "The Twins" (a 2017 ceramic work by artist Susan Folwell, born 1970 in Santa Clara Pueblo) feminizes imagery from Ernest Martin Hennings' masculine 1923 painting of the same name, seen in the background. Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
    20200925_111050.jpg
  • Adams Museum in Deadwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA. The Historic Adams House was built in 1892 by Deadwood pioneers Harris and Anna Franklin. After the discovery of large placer gold deposits in Deadwood Gulch in 1875, thousands of gold-seekers flocked to the new town of Deadwood from 1876 to 1879, leading to the Black Hills Gold Rush, despite the land being owned by the Sioux. At its height, the city had a population of 25,000, and attracted larger-than-life Old West figures including Wyatt Earp, Calamity Jane, and Wild Bill Hickok (who was killed there). The entire city is now designated as a National Historic Landmark District, for its well-preserved Gold Rush-era architecture.
    20.10US1-0796.jpg
  • Antique slot machine in Adams Museum in Deadwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota, USA. The Historic Adams House was built in 1892 by Deadwood pioneers Harris and Anna Franklin. After the discovery of large placer gold deposits in Deadwood Gulch in 1875, thousands of gold-seekers flocked to the new town of Deadwood from 1876 to 1879, leading to the Black Hills Gold Rush, despite the land being owned by the Sioux. At its height, the city had a population of 25,000, and attracted larger-than-life Old West figures including Wyatt Earp, Calamity Jane, and Wild Bill Hickok (who was killed there). The entire city is now designated as a National Historic Landmark District, for its well-preserved Gold Rush-era architecture.
    20.10US1-0788.jpg
  • Beaumont Hotel was built in 1886 at the height of the Gold Boom in Ouray, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA.
    1909US1-5067.jpg
  • Artwork made of antique items. San Juan County Historical Society Museum, Silverton, Colorado, USA. Silverton is a former silver mining camp, now the federally-designated Silverton Historic District. Durango is linked to Silverton by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, a National Historic Landmark. Silverton no longer has active mining, but subsists on tourism, maintenance of US 550 (which links Montrose with Durango), mine pollution remediation, and retirees.
    1909US1-3936.jpg
  • Historic 1887 Strater Hotel, in Durango, Colorado, USA. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3711-12-Pano.jpg
  • See ancient petroglyphs on Petroglyph Point Trail, which begins from Spruce Tree House on Chapin Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States, and was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico.
    1909US1-3633.jpg
  • Ancient Puebloan ruins in an alcove on Petroglyph Point Trail on Chapin Mesa, in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Petroglyph Point Trail begins from Spruce Tree House in Mesa Verde National Park. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States, and was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3606-12-Pano.jpg
  • Cliff Palace, the largest cliff dwelling in North America, was built 1190-1260 CE by Ancestral Puebloans on Chapin Mesa, in what is now Mesa Verde National Park, in Colorado, Southwestern USA. Cliff Palace was rediscovered in 1888 by Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason while looking for stray cattle. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County. The park was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico.
    1909US1-3108.jpg
  • The Riverboat Nenana is a sternwheeler nicknamed the "Queen of the Yukon", a National Historical Landmark now displayed in Pioneer Park, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. She was commissioned by the Alaska Railroad and built in 1933. Her parts were made in Seattle and then shipped to Nenana, Alaska where she was constructed. She plied the Tanana and Yukon Rivers from 1933 to 1954, primarily running the 858 miles between Nenana and Marshall. Although mainly a cargo ship, she also slept up to 50 passengers and was complete with showers and flushing toilets. She could hold up to 300 tons of cargo and push six barges on the Tanana. However, on the Yukon she only pushed one barge at a time because of the river’s curves and treacherous conditions. The sternwheeler traveled 17 mph downriver and 7 mph upriver. She is the world's second largest existing wooden hull vessel (237 feet long, 42 feet wide, 5 decks high).  Pioneer Park, run by the Fairbanks North Star Borough Department of Parks and Recreation, commemorates early Alaskan history with museums and historic displays. Pioneer Park was opened in 1967 as Alaska 67 Centennial Exposition to celebrate the centennial of the Alaska Purchase. After being given first to the state and then to the city, Mayor Red Boucher renamed the site Alaskaland, which was changed to its present name in 2001.
    1906AKH-1689.jpg
  • Tom hikes along Miles Canyon, near Whitehorse, capital and largest city of the Yukon, Canada. At Miles Canyon and the former Whitehorse Rapids downstream, the Yukon River cuts through 8-million-year-old lava flows, the Miles Canyon Basalts. Salmon pooling above and below the rapids attracted humans who left tools here 2500 years ago, and likely other people arriving 8000-9000 years ago after the retreat of glaciers. These narrow cliffs and rapids also established the upstream terminus for paddle-wheelers during the Klondike Gold Rush, eventually helping establish the City of Whitehorse. Whitehorse was incorporated in 1950 at kilometer 1426 (Historic Mile 918) on the Alaska Highway. The town was named for the former Whitehorse Rapids (now drowned by a hydroelectric dam), whose pale-colored glacially silted waters resemble the mane of a white horse. The Yukon River originates in British Columbia and flows into the Bering Sea in Alaska. The name Yukon comes from a Gwich'in phrase meaning white water river. Although historically called "Yukon Territory", the territory is now officially called "Yukon" (after the federal government's Yukon Act in 2002).
    1906AKH-1043.jpg
  • Sunset twilight at Kiyomizu-dera ("Pure Water Temple"), an independent Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto, Japan. Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) UNESCO World Heritage site. Kiyomizu-dera was founded on the site of the Otowa Waterfall in the early Heian period, in 780 by Sakanoue no Tamuramaro. Ordered by Tokugawa Iemitsu, its present buildings were built entirely without nails in 1633.
    1810JPN-8432.jpg
  • Fall foliage colors at Ginkaku-ji ("Temple of the Silver Pavilion"), officially named Jisho-ji ("Temple of Shining Mercy"). Ginkaku-ji is a Zen temple along Kyoto's eastern mountains (Higashiyama), in Japan. Despite its name, Silver Pavilion was never covered in silver, though silvery moon light reflecting off its former black lacquer may explain its name. In 1482, shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa built his retirement villa on the grounds of today's temple, modeling it after Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion), his grandfather's retirement villa at the base of Kyoto's northern mountains (Kitayama). The villa was converted into a Zen temple after Yoshimasa's death in 1490.
    1810JP2-262.jpg
  • At Fushimi Inari Taisha, a big Shinto shrine, thousands of vermilion Torii gates straddle trails, in Kyoto, Japan. Bright vermilion Senbon Torii ("thousands of torii gates") straddle a network of trails behind its main buildings. The trails lead into the wooded forest of the sacred Mount Inari (233 meters). Fushimi Inari is the most important of several thousands of shrines dedicated to Inari, the Shinto god of rice. Foxes are thought to be Inari's messengers, honored in many statues. The shrine predates the capital's move to Kyoto in 794. The torii gates are donated by individuals and companies, as inscribed on the back of each gate. Prices for small to large gates run from 400,000 to over one million yen.
    1810JPN-8088.jpg
  • Traffic in street by Kyoto's Minamiza Kabuki Theatre, a prime place in Japan to see kabuki. It is located in a grand building on the corner of Shijo-dori and Kawabata-dori in Gion district, Kyoto, Japan.
    1810JPN-6843.jpg
  • Matsumoto Castle, built 1592-1614, lit at night reflecting in moat, in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The castle was built from 1592-1614 in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain, in Matsumoto. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city.
    1810JPN-4751.jpg
  • Interior of Matsumoto Castle, built 1592-1614. Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1810JPN-4652-59-Edit.jpg
  • Outward views from upper floors of Matsumoto Castle, built in 1614, in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain, in Matsumoto. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city.
    1810JPN-4613.jpg
  • The tomb of Ieyasu. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Countless wood carvings and large amounts of gold leaf were used to decorate the buildings in a way not seen elsewhere in Japan. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • Matsumoto Castle, built 1592-1614, lit at night reflecting in moat, in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The castle was built from 1592-1614 in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain, in Matsumoto. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city.
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  • Tokyo Imperial Palace and Garden, the current residence of Japan's Imperial Family. The current Imperial Palace is on the former site of Edo Castle, a large park area surrounded by moats and massive stone walls in the center of Tokyo, a short walk from Tokyo Station. Edo Castle was formerly the seat of the Tokugawa shogun who ruled Japan from 1603-1867. In 1868, the shogunate was overthrown, and the country's capital and Imperial Residence were moved from Kyoto to Tokyo. In 1888 construction of a new Imperial Palace was completed. The palace was once destroyed during World War Two, and rebuilt in the same style, afterwards.
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  • Covered wagon. Farewell Bend State Recreation Area in Baker County, Oregon, USA. Farewell Bend was the last stop on the Oregon Trail along the Snake River where travelers could rest and water and graze their animals before the trail turned north through more rugged country to follow the Burnt River. The park is 25 miles northwest of Ontario.
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  • Since restoration in the early 1900s, a footbridge connects the island of Donan to the mainland. Eilean Donan Castle looks spectacular when spotlit at twilight, in Kintail National Scenic Area, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This picturesque island stronghold was first built in the 1200s in the western Highlands where three sea lochs meet (Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh) at the village of Dornie. The island is named after Donnán of Eigg, a Celtic saint martyred in 617. The castle became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies Clan Macrae. In the early 1700s, the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions led in 1719 to the castle's destruction by government ships. Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's 1920-32 reconstruction of the ruins made the present buildings.
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  • Victorian era Lews Castle, in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Lews Castle was built in 1844-51 as a country house for Sir James Matheson who had bought the whole island a few years previously with his fortune from the Chinese Opium trade. In 1918, the Lewis estate including the castle was bought by industrialist Lord Leverhulme from the Matheson family. He gave the castle to the people of Stornoway parish in 1923. During World War II the Castle was taken over as accommodation for air and ground crew of 700 Naval Air Squadron, who operated a detachment of six Supermarine Walrus aircraft from a slipway at Cuddy Point in the Grounds. The base was referred to as HMS Mentor. After the war, the Castle was also used for accommodation for students of Lews Castle College in the 1950s. Today the building is owned by the local council, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, and is protected as a category A listed building. Lews Castle was awarded £4.6 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund, on 22 November 2011, to enable it to be converted into a bilingual museum and cultural centre. The main part of the Castle is now part of Natural Retreats.
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  • Ruins of a blackhouse at Arnol. Across the street from the ruins, built around 1880, Arnol Blackhouse is a fully furnished traditional Lewis thatched dwelling, which sheltered a family and its animals under the same chimneyless roof. Warmed by a peat fire in a central open hearth with the smoke filtering out through the thatched straw roof, this blackhouse was home to a Hebridean crofting family and their animals, until they moved out in 1966. Today Arnol Blackhouse is insightfully preserved like the family left it. Evolving health regulations in the early 1900s demanded that livestock be housed separately, so "whitehouses" were built with several chimneys, single-thickness walls cemented with lime mortar, wallpaper, lino floors, and separate barn and byre (cowshed). Across the street from Arnol Blackhouse you can visit a furnished 1920s whitehouse. These new crofthouses were so different and bright inside that they were nicknamed "whitehouses," which led to the nickname "blackhouses" for the older antiquated structures. Visit Arnol village on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
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  • Gearrannan Blackhouse Village on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Gearrannan Blackhouse Village features 9 restored traditional thatched cottages, built in the late 1800s and lived in until 1974, the last to be inhabited in the Western Isles. In 1989 the Garenin Trust restored the houses, and over a decade later the restored Blackhouse village was opened by HRH Princess Anne. Managed by Gearrannan Village Ltd, it offers services to both tourists and the local community, including 4 self-catering cottages, a Café, a museum (blackhouse set in 1955), a resource centre and a small gift shop. Garenin (Gaelic: Na Gearrannan) is a crofting township.
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  • The 1831 Dugald Stewart Monument honors Scottish philosopher and mathematician Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Dugald Stewart was a professor at the University of Edinburgh, holding the chair of moral philosophy from 1786 until his death, and is best known for popularizing the Scottish Enlightenment. The Royal Society of Edinburgh commissioned this Greek Revival style structure, which is based on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, Greece. It is a circular temple of nine fluted Corinthian columns around an elevated urn.
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  • St Margaret's Chapel is Edinburgh's oldest building, a royal place of peace and prayer. Scotland’s royals once knelt to worship in this private chapel. It was built around 1130 by David I and dedicated to his mother Queen Margaret, a member of the English royal family who fled the Norman invasion and married Malcolm III. The decorated chancel arch is original, while other features, such as the stained glass windows, are more recent. In the 1500s, the chapel was used as a gunpowder store and was later given bomb-proof vaulting. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Medals in the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Regimental Museum (Carabiniers and Greys) in Edinburgh Castle. Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Warrior statue. The Scottish National War Memorial commemorates 150,000 Scottish casualties in the First World War 1914-18, 50,000 in the Second World War 1939-45, and the campaigns since 1945, including the Malayan Emergency, the Korean War, Northern Ireland, the Falklands War and the Gulf War. In 1927 the architect Sir Robert Lorimer and 200 Scottish artists and craftsmen created this serene Hall of Honour and Shrine. The Memorial is in Crown Square at the top of the rocky perch of Edinburgh Castle, in Scotland, the United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Stone footbridge to Eilean Donan Castle at sunset, in Kintail National Scenic Area, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This picturesque island stronghold sits where three sea lochs meet at the village of Dornie in the western Highlands (Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh). Since restoration of the 1200s castle in the early 1900s, a footbridge connects the island to the mainland. The island is named after Donnán of Eigg, a Celtic saint martyred in 617. The castle was founded in the 1200s and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. In the early 1700s, the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions led in 1719 to the castle's destruction by government ships. Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's 1920-32 reconstruction of the ruins made the present buildings. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
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  • Sunset on the causeway at Eilean Donan Castle, in Kintail National Scenic Area, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This picturesque island stronghold sits where three sea lochs meet at the village of Dornie in the western Highlands (Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh). Since restoration of the 1200s castle in the early 1900s, a footbridge connects the island to the mainland. The island is named after Donnán of Eigg, a Celtic saint martyred in 617. The castle was founded in the 1200s and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. In the early 1700s, the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions led in 1719 to the castle's destruction by government ships. Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's 1920-32 reconstruction of the ruins made the present buildings.
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  • "Hunt of the Unicorn" replica tapestries in the Scottish Queen's Inner Hall in the Royal Palace at Stirling Castle, in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. The Royal Palace was childhood home of Mary Queen of Scots. The palace's lavish design drew on European Renaissance fashions to show off James V's power and good taste. Historic Scotland has recreated the palace interiors as they may have looked when the Scottish king's grand scheme was complete. The "Hunt of the Unicorn" tapestries in the Queen's Lodgings are replicas hand-loomed from 2001-2014, inspired from the seven original tapestries made in Brussels between 1495-1505 (now in the Cloisters museum of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art). Why a unicorn? In Celtic mythology the unicorn symbolized purity, innocence, masculinity and power. The proud, haughty unicorn was chosen as Scotland's national animal because it would rather die than be captured, just as Scots would fight to remain sovereign and unconquered. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle. Most of Stirling Castle's main buildings date from the 1400s and 1500s, when it peaked in importance.
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  • Scottish Queen's Bedchamber in Stirling Castle. The great state bed was symbolic, as Queen Mary of Guise slept in a small room nearby. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle, in the United Kingdom, Europe. Historically, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. Stirling Castle sits atop Castle Hill, an intrusive crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. Most of the stronghold's main buildings date from the 1400s and 1500s, when it peaked in importance. The outer defences fronting the town date from the early 1700s. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, serving as both a palace and a fortress. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle has suffered at least eight sieges, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the last being in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie unsuccessfully tried to take the castle.
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  • 1630 King’s Knot garden & tournament field. Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle, in the United Kingdom, Europe. Historically, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. Stirling Castle sits atop Castle Hill, an intrusive crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. Most of the stronghold's main buildings date from the 1400s and 1500s, when it peaked in importance. The outer defences fronting the town date from the early 1700s. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, serving as both a palace and a fortress. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle has suffered at least eight sieges, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the last being in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie unsuccessfully tried to take the castle.
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  • The formidable red sandstone walls of Caerlaverock Castle have a triangular shape, unique in Britain. First built in 1295 to to control trade, its wide moat, twin-towered gatehouse and lofty battlements give Caerlaverock a fairtale appearance, the epitome of a medieval stronghold. In the castle courtyard, walk through Nithsdale Lodging, a remarkable residence built in 1635, "the most ambitious early classical domestic architecture in Scotland." Caerlaverock is near Dumfries, on the edge of Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This stronghold defended the Maxwell family from the 1200s-1640, then was abandoned. It was besieged by the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence, and underwent several partial demolitions and reconstructions from the 1300s-1400s.
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  • The formidable red sandstone walls of Caerlaverock Castle have a triangular shape, unique in Britain. First built in 1295 to to control trade, its wide moat, twin-towered gatehouse and lofty battlements give Caerlaverock a fairtale appearance, the epitome of a medieval stronghold. In the castle courtyard, walk through Nithsdale Lodging, a remarkable residence built in 1635, "the most ambitious early classical domestic architecture in Scotland." Caerlaverock is near Dumfries, on the edge of Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This stronghold defended the Maxwell family from the 1200s-1640, then was abandoned. It was besieged by the English during the Wars of Scottish Independence, and underwent several partial demolitions and reconstructions from the 1300s-1400s. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
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  • Old rocking cradle for a baby. Comlongon Castle is a restored Medieval Scottish tower house dating from the late 1400s. Guests can stay in the attached Edwardian hotel, a baronial style mansion built 1900-02, set in 120 acres of manicured gardens, sweeping lawns, carp pond, lakes and woodlands, near Clarencefield and Dumfries, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Originally built by the Murrays of Cockpool, Comlongon Castle remained in the Murray family until 1984. The castle is 50 feet square and stands 70 feet high, with walls over 4 meters thick, with impressive displays of weapons, armor and banners.
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  • Medieval pike weapons at Comlongon Castle, a restored Medieval Scottish tower house dating from the late 1400s. Guests can stay in the attached Edwardian hotel, a baronial style mansion built 1900-02, set in 120 acres of manicured gardens, sweeping lawns, carp pond, lakes and woodlands, near Clarencefield and Dumfries, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Originally built by the Murrays of Cockpool, Comlongon Castle remained in the Murray family until 1984. The castle is 50 feet square and stands 70 feet high, with walls over 4 meters thick, with impressive displays of weapons, armor and banners.
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  • Whitby at the mouth of the Esk River, seen from Dracula's Church Steps, in England, United Kingdom, Europe. In Bram Stoker's famous 1897 novel, Dracula came ashore as a creature resembling a large dog who climbed the dramatic 199 Church Steps to the graveyard of Church of Saint Mary, adjacent to Whitby Abbey ruins atop East Cliff, above the Esk River. The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is an Anglican parish church serving the towns of Whitby and Ruswarp in North Yorkshire county. This was at the end of our England Coast to Coast hike, on day 13 of 14. The next day, our 14th, ended being dropped off in York. [This image, commissioned by Wilderness Travel, is not available to any other agency providing group travel in the UK, but may otherwise be licensable from Tom Dempsey – please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.]
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  • Brownber Hall Country House in Yorkshire Dales National Park, Newbiggin-on-Lune, near Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria county, England, United Kingdom, Europe. England Coast to Coast hike day 6 of 14: Ullswater to Kirkby Stephen. [This image, commissioned by Wilderness Travel, is not available to any other agency providing group travel in the UK, but may otherwise be licensable from Tom Dempsey – please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.] This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Spinning wheel and home interior mockup at Wordsworth Museum at Dove Cottage, in Grasmere, Cumbria county, England, United Kingdom, Europe. In Dove Cottage in the heart of the remote Lake District, William Wordsworth wrote some of the greatest poetry in the English language and his sister Dorothy kept her 'Grasmere Journal', displayed in the Museum. England Coast to Coast hike day 5 of 14: Grasmere to Ullswater. [This image, commissioned by Wilderness Travel, is not available to any other agency providing group travel in the UK, but may otherwise be licensable from Tom Dempsey – please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.]
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  • Magnifying glass on newsprint at Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's home. In Dove Cottage in the heart of the remote Lake District, William Wordsworth (1770–1850) wrote some of the greatest poetry in the English language and his sister Dorothy kept her 'Grasmere Journal', displayed in the Museum. Visit Dove cottage in Grasmere, Cumbria county, England, United Kingdom, Europe. England Coast to Coast hike day 5 of 14: Grasmere to Ullswater. [This image, commissioned by Wilderness Travel, is not available to any other agency providing group travel in the UK, but may otherwise be licensable from Tom Dempsey – please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.]
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  • Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland, England, United Kingdom, Europe. The site of Bamburgh Castle was originally the location of a Celtic Brittonic fort known as Din Guarie, possibly the capital of the kingdom of Bernicia from its foundation circa 420-547. After passing between Britons and Anglo-Saxons three times, Anglo-Saxons gained control in 590, but it was destroyed by Vikings in 993. The Normans later built a new castle here, forming the core of the present one. After a revolt in 1095 (supported by the castle's owner), it became the property of the English monarch. 1600s financial difficulties led to its deterioration. Various owners restored it from the 1700s-1800s, ending with complete restoration by Victorian era industrialist William Armstrong. Today, the owning Armstrong family keeps Bamburgh Castle open to the public. It was a film location for "Robin Hood" (2010) directed by Ridley Scott.
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  • Holy Island of Lindisfarne, Northumberland, England, United Kingdom, Europe. Holy Island history dates from the 500s AD as an important center of Celtic Christianity under Saints Aidan of Lindisfarne, Cuthbert, Eadfrith of Lindisfarne, and Eadberht of Lindisfarne. After Viking invasions and the Norman conquest of England, a priory was reestablished. A small castle was built on Holy Island in 1550. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Organ. York Minster, built over 250 years 1220-1472 AD, is one of the finest medieval buildings in Europe. Also known as St Peter's, its full name is "Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York," located in England, United Kingdom, Europe. York Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England. "Minster" refers to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and now serves as an honorific title. York was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. As the center of the Church in the North, York Minster has played an important role in great national affairs, such as during the Reformation and Civil War.
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  • York Minster, built over 250 years 1220-1472 AD, is one of the finest medieval buildings in Europe. Also known as St Peter's, its full name is "Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York," located in England, United Kingdom, Europe. York Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England. "Minster" refers to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and now serves as an honorific title. York was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. As the center of the Church in the North, York Minster has played an important role in great national affairs, such as during the Reformation and Civil War. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Rooftop view: York Minster, built over 250 years 1220-1472 AD, is one of the finest medieval buildings in Europe. Also known as St Peter's, its full name is "Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York," located in England, United Kingdom, Europe. York Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England. "Minster" refers to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and now serves as an honorific title. York was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. As the center of the Church in the North, York Minster has played an important role in great national affairs, such as during the Reformation and Civil War. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • The Five Sisters Window in the North Transept of York Minster is the only memorial in the country to women of the British Empire who lost their lives during the First World War. The window, which dates from the mid-1200s, was restored and rededicated between 1923 and 1925 after it was removed during the First World War to protect it during Zeppelin raids. York Minster, built over 250 years 1220-1472 AD, is one of the finest medieval buildings in Europe. Also known as St Peter's, its full name is "Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Peter in York," located in England, United Kingdom, Europe. York Minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England. "Minster" refers to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and now serves as an honorific title. York was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. As the center of the Church in the North, York Minster has played an important role in great national affairs, such as during the Reformation and Civil War.
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  • Victorian reconstruction of Kirkgate street. York Castle Museum was founded in 1938 by Dr John Kirk, a doctor from Pickering, North Yorkshire. The museum houses Kirk's extraordinary collection of social history, reflecting everyday life in the county. The York Castle Museum is housed in a former debtors' prison (built in 1701–05 using stone from castle ruins) and in an adjoining former women's prison (built 1780–85) in North Yorkshire, England. Originally built by William the Conqueror in 1068, York Castle features a ruined keep now called "Clifford's Tower."
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  • Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site preserves an important Hawaiian temple on the Big Island of Hawaii, USA. Built to fulfill a historic prophecy, Puukohola Heiau is one of the last sacred structures built in the Hawaiian Islands before Christian influence. Kamehameha the Great (born in North Kohala) was advised by his kahuna (priest) to build Puukohola Heiau and dedicate it to the war god Kukailimoku (Ku) to help in his efforts to unite the Hawaiian Islands. The fortress-like heiau (sacred temple of the Hawaiian religion) was built overlooking the Kohala coast between 1790 and 1791. With help from European trade ships, warships, cannon, and military experience, King Kamehameha ultimately united the warring Hawaiian Islands in 1810. At the same time that George Washington was serving as the United States' first president, Kamehameha was using Puukohola Heiau to secure his mana or spiritual power to help unify the Hawaiian people. The massive structure (224 by 100 feet surrounded by walls 16-20 feet high) was built without mortar, using water-worn lava rocks believed to have been passed hand-by-hand in a human chain all the way from Pololu Valley, some 25 miles away. These lonely rocks on a dry desert hill mark an important era in Hawaiian history, just 28 miles north of Kona International Airport.
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  • Shrine statue at 1968 Byodo-In Temple, Valley of Temples Memorial Park, island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The peaceful Byodo-In Temple is in Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, at 47-200 Kahekili Highway, Kaneohe, on the island of Oahu. The Byodo-In Temple ("Temple of Equality") was built in 1968 to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the first Japanese immigrants to Hawaii. This Hawaii State Landmark is a non-practicing Buddhist temple which welcomes people of all faiths. The beautiful grounds at the foot of the Ko'olau Mountains include a large reflecting pond stocked with Japanese koi carp, meditation niches, and small waterfalls. Byodo-In Temple in O'ahu is a half-scale replica of the original Byodo-in Temple built in 1053 in Uji, Japan (a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
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  • The peaceful Byodo-In Temple reflects in a pond in Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, at 47-200 Kahekili Highway, Kaneohe, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The Byodo-In Temple ("Temple of Equality") was built in 1968 to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of the first Japanese immigrants to Hawaii. This Hawaii State Landmark is a non-practicing Buddhist temple which welcomes people of all faiths. The beautiful grounds at the foot of the Ko'olau Mountains include a large reflecting pond stocked with Japanese koi carp, meditation niches, and small waterfalls. Byodo-In Temple in O'ahu is a half-scale replica of the Byodo-in Temple built in 1053 in Uji, Japan (a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
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  • Traditional crafts of Fiji. The Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC) is a major theme park and living museum, in Laie on the northeast coast (Windward Side) of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The PCC first opened in 1963 as a way for students at the adjacent Church College of Hawaii (now Brigham Young University Hawaii) to earn money for their education and as a means to preserve and portray the cultures of the people of Polynesia. Performers demonstrate Polynesian arts and crafts within simulated tropical villages, covering Hawaii, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga and the Marquesas Islands. The Rapa Nui (Easter Island) exhibit features seven hand-carved moai (stone statues). The PCC is run by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
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  • Dancing of Tonga in the Canoe Pageant, "Rainbows of Paradise." The Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC) is a major theme park and living museum, in Laie on the northeast coast (Windward Side) of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The PCC first opened in 1963 as a way for students at the adjacent Church College of Hawaii (now Brigham Young University Hawaii) to earn money for their education and as a means to preserve and portray the cultures of the people of Polynesia. Performers demonstrate Polynesian arts and crafts within simulated tropical villages, covering Hawaii, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga and the Marquesas Islands. The Rapa Nui (Easter Island) exhibit features seven hand-carved moai (stone statues). The PCC is run by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
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  • A reenactment of the Hawaiian royal court in the Canoe Pageant, "Rainbows of Paradise." The Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC) is a major theme park and living museum, in Laie on the northeast coast (Windward Side) of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, USA. The PCC first opened in 1963 as a way for students at the adjacent Church College of Hawaii (now Brigham Young University Hawaii) to earn money for their education and as a means to preserve and portray the cultures of the people of Polynesia. Performers demonstrate Polynesian arts and crafts within simulated tropical villages, covering Hawaii, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga and the Marquesas Islands. The Rapa Nui (Easter Island) exhibit features seven hand-carved moai (stone statues). The PCC is run by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). For this photo’s licensing options, please inquire.
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  • In Findeln (Findelen), admire the Matterhorn and authentic Walser houses, barns, and stores built of larch timber blackened by the sun, above Zermatt, in the Pennine Alps, Switzerland, Europe. The Walser people are named after Wallis (Valais), the uppermost Rhône valley, where they settled from the 900s in the late phase of the migration of the Alamanni (confederation of Germanic tribes) crossing from the Bernese Oberland. From Zermatt, hike the Five Lakes Trail from Sunnegga Express funicular. Although especially nice for families, the 5-Seenweg loop walk is aesthetically marred with ski slope infrastructure throughout (5 dammed artificial lakes, power lines, lifts, dusty roads, snow-making sprinklers, etc). Visually, the most aesthetic features are the old wood buildings in upper Findeln, and the reflecting lakes of Grindjisee and Stellisee.
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  • In Findeln (formerly called Findelen), admire authentic Walser houses, barns, and stores built of larch timber blackened by the sun, above Zermatt, in the Pennine Alps, Switzerland, Europe. The Walser people are named after Wallis (Valais), the uppermost Rhône valley, where they settled from the 900s in the late phase of the migration of the Alamanni (confederation of Germanic tribes) crossing from the Bernese Oberland. From Zermatt, a popular walk is the Five Lakes Trail from Sunnegga Express funicular. Although especially nice for families, the 5-Seenweg loop hike is aesthetically marred with ski slope infrastructure throughout (5 dammed artificial lakes, power lines, lifts, dusty roads, snow-making sprinklers, etc). Visually, the most aesthetic features are the old wood buildings in upper Findeln, and the reflecting lakes of Grindjisee and Stellisee.
    16SWI-8466.jpg
  • In Findeln (Findelen), admire the Matterhorn and authentic Walser houses, barns, and stores built of larch timber blackened by the sun, above Zermatt, in the Pennine Alps, Switzerland, Europe. The Walser people are named after Wallis (Valais), the uppermost Rhône valley, where they settled from the 900s in the late phase of the migration of the Alamanni (confederation of Germanic tribes) crossing from the Bernese Oberland. From Zermatt, hike the Five Lakes Trail from Sunnegga Express funicular. Although especially nice for families, the 5-Seenweg loop walk is aesthetically marred with ski slope infrastructure throughout (5 dammed artificial lakes, power lines, lifts, dusty roads, snow-making sprinklers, etc). Visually, the most aesthetic features are the old wood buildings in upper Findeln, and the reflecting lakes of Grindjisee and Stellisee.
    16SWI-8455.jpg
  • In Zermatt, Switzerland, the Gornergrat rack railway (GGB) takes you to a spectacular ridge (at 3135 m or 10,285 ft) between Gornergletscher and Findelgletscher, with views of 20+ four-thousand meter peaks, whose highest are Dufourspitze (Monte Rosa massif), Liskamm, Matterhorn, Dom and Weisshorn. Gornergrat train, opened in 1898, climbs almost 1500 m or 4900 ft via Riffelalp and Riffelberg in the Pennine Alps, Europe.
    16SWI-7636.jpg
  • Zermatt, Switzerland, the Alps, Europe.
    16SWI-7448.jpg
  • Schmadribachfall (waterfall) plunges 300 meters (1000 feet) from the lip of a hanging valley in Upper Lauterbrunnen Valley. While Schmadribachfall has been captured on canvas by noted landscape painters since the 1820s, its remote location means that more people have seen the paintings than have actually seen the falls. Directly above it to the south, the Grosshorn rises to 3754 m elevation (12,316 ft). See this view along the trail to Berghotel Obersteinberg, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Obersteinberg is a 2-hour walk from Stechelberg, or 4 hours from Mürren, in one of the world's most spectacular glaciated valleys. The Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch region is honored as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    16SWI-4352-58pan.jpg
  • Kleine Scheidegg pass, in the Berner Oberland, Switzerland, the Alps, Europe. The world's longest continuous rack and pinion railway (Wengernalpbahn) goes from Grindelwald up to Kleine Scheidegg and down to Wengen and Lauterbrunnen. From Kleine Scheidegg, Jungfraubahn ascends steeply inside the Eiger to Jungfraujoch, the highest railway station in Europe. UNESCO honors "Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch" on the list of World Heritage Areas.
    16SWI-3793.jpg
  • At Meglisalp, Altmann peak (2435m) rises dramatically above a 1904 mountain chapel (Kapelle Maria zum Schnee, "Holy Mother Mary of the Snow"). Berggasthaus Meglisalp can only be reached on foot in the heart of the Alpstein mountain chain in the Appenzell Alps, Switzerland, Europe. This authentic mountain hostelry, owned by the same family for five generations, dates from 1897. Meglisalp is a working family dairy farm.
    16SWI-1676.jpg
  • At Meglisalp, Altmann peak (2435m) rises dramatically above a 1904 mountain chapel (Kapelle Maria zum Schnee, "Holy Mother Mary of the Snow"). Berggasthaus Meglisalp can only be reached on foot in the heart of the Alpstein mountain chain in the Appenzell Alps, Switzerland, Europe. This authentic mountain hostelry, owned by the same family for five generations, dates from 1897. Meglisalp is a working family dairy farm.
    16SWI-1670.jpg
  • Swiss flag at Meglisalp, Alpstein range, Appenzell Alps, Switzerland, Europe. Berggasthaus Meglisalp can only be reached on foot in the heart of the Alpstein mountain chain. This authentic mountain hostelry, owned by the same family for five generations, dates from 1897. Meglisalp is a working family dairy farm. The flag of Switzerland is one of only two square sovereign-state flags (the other being the flag of Vatican City); but Swiss vessels and non-governmental bodies use a rectangular flag with proportions 3:2.
    16SWI-1661.jpg
  • Berggasthaus Meglisalp can only be reached on foot in the spectacular heart of the Alpstein mountain chain in the Appenzell Alps, Switzerland, Europe. This authentic mountain hostelry, owned by the same family for five generations, dates from 1897. Meglisalp is a working dairy farm, restaurant and guest house surrounded by majestic peaks above green pastures.
    16SWI-1564.jpg
  • Swiss celebrate National Day with costumes at a feast and concert in Appenzell village, Switzerland, Europe. Appenzell Innerrhoden is Switzerland's most traditional and smallest-population canton (second smallest by area). For licensing options, please inquire.
    16SWI-0969.jpg
  • In Appenzell village, the red Rathaus (built 1560-83) houses the city hall, Appenzell Museum (in attached yellow building), tourist office and library, on Hauptgasse (Main Street), in Switzerland, Europe. The Rathaus facade mural was painted by August Schmid from Diessenhofen (1928). Appenzell Museum shows a cross section of the Swiss Canton's history and culture (1400s flags and banners, embroidery, folk art, and even historic torture instruments). Appenzell village is in Appenzell Innerrhoden, Switzerland's most traditional and smallest-population canton (second smallest by area).
    16SWI-0943.jpg
  • The Appenzell Museum displays hand and long shaft weapons (halberd and flail type) from the 1500s-1600s. Behind are 1640-1663 replicas (by painter Hans Bildstein) of flags captured from the 1403-1407 Appenzell Wars of Liberation, through the wars against the Turks around 1600, which were kept in the parish church until 1822 as offerings to God and St. Mauritius. Appenzell Museum, which is in the town hall, shows a cross section of the Swiss Canton's history and culture. Appenzell village is in Appenzell Innerrhoden, Switzerland's most traditional and smallest-population canton (second smallest by area).
    16SWI-0803.jpg
  • Münster zu Allerheiligen / All Saints' Minster was built in 1103 (replacing the first church built in 1049) in the Old Town of Schaffhausen, in Switzerland, Europe.
    16SWI-0642.jpg
  • In Munot Castle's lower chamber, explore a spectacular, cool vaulted casemate built in the Renaissance, in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Europe. The Munot, Schaffhausen's iconic circular fortress, was built by forced labor in 1564-1589 after the religious wars of the Reformation.
    16SWI-0567.jpg
  • Inside the Munot's tower, ascend an impressive spiral staircase for good views, both inside and out, in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Europe. The Munot, Schaffhausen's iconic circular fortress, was built by forced labor in 1564 after the religious wars of the Reformation.
    16SWI-0547.jpg
  • From the Munot fortress, see the steeple St Johann Church in Schaffhausen's Old Town, in Switzerland, Europe.
    16SWI-0539.jpg
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