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  • A solo hiker walks atop the Pulpit Rock (Prekestolen) 1959 feet above a car ferry on Lysefjord, Forsand municipality, Rogaland county, Ryfylke traditional district, Norway, Europe. The nearest city is Jørpeland, in Strand municipality. Published in Wilderness Travel Catalog of Adventures 1998, 1996, 1988. Winner of "Honorable Mention, Photo Travel Division" in Photographic Society of America (PSA) Inter-Club Slide Competition May 1988. Published 2009 on a commercial web site in Amsterdam. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    81NOR-08-14-The-Pulpit_Prekestolen.jpg
  • A mountain goat rests at Hidden Lake by Bearhat Mountain in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, or Rocky Mountain Goat) is a large-hoofed mammal found only in North America. It is an even-toed ungulate in the family Bovidae, in subfamily Caprinae (goat-antelopes), in the Oreamnos genus, but is NOT a true "goat" (or Capra genus). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks. Glaciers carved spectacular U-shaped valleys and pyramidal peaks as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum (the last "Ice Age" 25,000 to 13,000 years ago). Of the 150 glaciers existing in the mid 1800s, only 25 active glaciers remain in the park as of 2010, and all may disappear as soon as 2020, say climate scientists.
    02GLA-06-26_Mountain-goat_Hidden-Lak...jpg
  • A mountain goat surveys Hidden Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, or Rocky Mountain Goat) is a large-hoofed mammal found only in North America. It is an even-toed ungulate in the family Bovidae, in subfamily Caprinae (goat-antelopes), in the Oreamnos genus, but is NOT a true "goat" (or Capra genus). Since 1932, Canada and USA have shared Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site (1995) containing two Biosphere Reserves (1976). Rocks in the park are primarily sedimentary layers deposited in shallow seas over 1.6 billion to 800 million years ago. During the tectonic formation of the Rocky Mountains 170 million years ago, the Lewis Overthrust displaced these old rocks over newer Cretaceous age rocks.
    02GLA-05-03_Mountain-goat_Hidden-Lak...jpg
  • A wagon with iron-bound wooden wheels stands outside a late 1800s livery stable preserved at the outdoor history museum of Nevada City, Montana, USA. Nevada City was a booming placer gold mining camp from 1863-1876, but quickly declined into a virtual ghost town. This fascinating town inspires you to imagination what life must have been like in early Montana when gold was discovered at nearby Alder Gulch. More than 90 buildings from across Montana have been gathered for preservation at Nevada City, mostly owned by the people of the State of Montana, and managed by the Montana Heritage Commission. In 2001, the excellent PBS television series "Frontier House" used one of the buildings and its furnishings to train families in re-creating pioneer life. A miner's court trial and hanging of George Ives in the main street of Nevada City was the catalyst for forming the Vigilantes, a group of citizens famous for taking justice into their own hands in 1863-1864. Directions: go 27 miles southeast of Twin Bridges, Montana on Highway 287.
    04MT-1036_Nevada-City-ghost-town.jpg
  • An antique indoor sink drains under a window directly to the outside. Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12242.jpg
  • An antique indoor sink drains under a window directly to the outside. Ballenberg Swiss Open-Air Museum, near Brienz, Canton of Bern, Switzerland, Europe. Founded in 1978, Ballenberg displays traditional buildings and architecture from all over the country, making it a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Over 100 original buildings have been transported from their original sites. Some of the industrial and crafting buildings give demonstrations of traditional rural crafts, techniques and cheesemaking, and farmyard animals are raised.
    22ALP-12240.jpg
  • A gravel side road and fence extend into the Valley of the North Fork of Flathead River, along Outside North Fork Road. The Livingston Range in Glacier National Park demarks the Continental Divide, Montana, USA.
    10GLA-1137.jpg
  • A wagon with iron-bound wooden wheels stands outside late 1800s wooden buildings preserved at the outdoor history museum of Nevada City, Montana, USA. Nevada City was a booming placer gold mining camp from 1863-1876, but quickly declined into a virtual ghost town. This fascinating town inspires you to imagination what life must have been like in early Montana when gold was discovered at nearby Alder Gulch. More than 90 buildings from across Montana have been gathered for preservation at Nevada City, mostly owned by the people of the State of Montana, and managed by the Montana Heritage Commission. In 2001, the excellent PBS television series "Frontier House" used one of the buildings and its furnishings to train families in re-creating pioneer life. A miner's court trial and hanging of George Ives in the main street of Nevada City was the catalyst for forming the Vigilantes, a group of citizens famous for taking justice into their own hands in 1863-1864. Directions: go 27 miles southeast of Twin Bridges, Montana on Highway 287.
    04MT-1044_Nevada-City-ghost-town.jpg
  • Concrete chair art in outside Meany Studio Theater, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
    0910DRA-080_Meany-Studio.jpg
  • Totem pole outside of the Sheldon Museum and Cultural Center, Haines, Alaska, USA. This interesting museum showcases the art and culture of Haines, with over 4000 artifacts including Chilkat Blankets, Eldred Rock lighthouse lens, 12,000 cataloged photographs from the 1800s until today; books and countless documents. <br />
https://www.sheldonmuseum.org/
    1906AKH-3449.jpg
  • A wave rises outside a ship portal window in the rough waters of 400-mile-wide Drake Passage, on a cruise to Antarctica from Ushuaia, Argentina, South America.
    05ANT-35280.jpg
  • Valley of the North Fork of the Flathead River, seen along Outside North Fork Road, looking at the Livingston Range in Glacier National Park, which demarks the Continental Divide, Montana, USA
    10GLA-1161.jpg
  • A wagon with iron-bound wooden carriage wheels stands outside a late 1800s livery stable preserved at the outdoor history museum of Nevada City, Montana, USA. Nevada City was a booming placer gold mining camp from 1863-1876, but quickly declined into a virtual ghost town. This fascinating town inspires you to imagination what life must have been like in early Montana when gold was discovered at nearby Alder Gulch. More than 90 buildings from across Montana have been gathered for preservation at Nevada City, mostly owned by the people of the State of Montana, and managed by the Montana Heritage Commission. In 2001, the excellent PBS television series "Frontier House" used one of the buildings and its furnishings to train families in re-creating pioneer life. A miner's court trial and hanging of George Ives in the main street of Nevada City was the catalyst for forming the Vigilantes, a group of citizens famous for taking justice into their own hands in 1863-1864. Directions: go 27 miles southeast of Twin Bridges, Montana on Highway 287.
    04MT-1037_Nevada-City-ghost-town.jpg
  • Iron-bound wooden wheels decay and rust outside a late 1800s wood building preserved in the outdoor history museum of Nevada City, Montana, USA. Nevada City was a booming placer gold mining camp from 1863-1876, but quickly declined into a virtual ghost town. This fascinating town inspires you to imagination what life must have been like in early Montana when gold was discovered at nearby Alder Gulch. More than 90 buildings from across Montana have been gathered for preservation at Nevada City, mostly owned by the people of the State of Montana, and managed by the Montana Heritage Commission. In 2001, the excellent PBS television series "Frontier House" used one of the buildings and its furnishings to train families in re-creating pioneer life. A miner's court trial and hanging of George Ives in the main street of Nevada City was the catalyst for forming the Vigilantes, a group of citizens famous for taking justice into their own hands in 1863-1864. Directions: go 27 miles southeast of Twin Bridges, Montana on Highway 287.
    04MT-1033_Nevada-City-ghost-town.jpg
  • Concrete chair art in outside Meany Studio Theater, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
    0910DRA-077_Meany-Studio.jpg
  • The maxim "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil" was popularized from the 1600s carving of the proverbial three wise monkeys on a storehouse in Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan. One interpretation is to be of good mind, speech and action. But in the Western world, the phrase often refers to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. The three monkeys are Mizaru, covering his eyes, who sees no evil; Kikazaru, covering his ears, who hears no evil; and Iwazaru, covering his mouth, who speaks no evil. Outside of Japan, the last two of the monkeys' names have sometimes been corrupted, resulting in Mizaru, Mikazaru and Mazaru. Hidari Jingoro may have carved these panels to incorporate Confucius's Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man's life cycle. Out of eight panels, the iconic three wise monkeys are panel 2. The philosophy likely originated with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 700s (Nara Period). The figures may represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
    1810JPN-3468.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10982_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. A long stairway climbs along Inca walls. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.  Panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos. Published in 2009 on Swedish trekking company site www.adventurelovers.se.
    03PER-19-pan08-12-14_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-15-04_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • Butch Cassidy's Ranch, near Cholila, Chubut Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid and Etta Place tried settling down and making an honest living from 1901-05 near the quiet farming community of Cholila, outside the northeast entrance of present-day Parque Nacional Los Alerces.
    2002PAT-0241.jpg
  • Butch Cassidy's Ranch, near Cholila, Chubut Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid and Etta Place tried settling down and making an honest living from 1901-05 near the quiet farming community of Cholila, outside the northeast entrance of present-day Parque Nacional Los Alerces.
    2002PAT-0219.jpg
  • Statue of King James V of Scotland on the outside of the Royal Palace, in Stirling Castle, United Kingdom, Europe. Historically, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. Most of the stronghold's main buildings date from the 1400s and 1500s, when it peaked in importance. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, serving as both a palace and a fortress. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle has suffered at least eight sieges, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
    17SC1-2152_Scotland.jpg
  • A privately owned Chincoteague Pony is displayed at a motel on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, USA. The Chincoteague Pony (or Assateague horse) is a breed of small horse (Equus ferus caballus) which lives wild on Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland, USA. The breed was made famous by the "Misty of Chincoteague" series written by Marguerite Henry starting in 1947. They can be any solid color, and are often found in attractive pinto patterns. Island Chincoteagues live on a poor diet of salt marsh plants and brush. Legend claims that Chincoteague ponies descend from wrecked Spanish galleons. They more likely descend from stock released by 1600s colonists escaping laws and taxes on mainland livestock. In 1835, pony penning began, with settlers rounding up and removing some ponies. In 1924 the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company held the first official "Pony Penning Day," where ponies were auctioned to raise money, as done ever since. The federal government owns Assateague Island, which is split by a fence at the Maryland/Virginia state line, with a herd of around 150 ponies living on each side of the fence managed separately. The Maryland herd of "Assateague horses" lives within Assateague Island National Seashore and is treated as wild, except for contraceptives given to prevent overpopulation. The Virginia herd of "Chincoteague ponies" lives within the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge but is owned by the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company. The Virginia ponies get twice yearly veterinary inspections to cover possible auction sale into the outside world. Only about 300 ponies live on Assateague Island, but 1000 more live off-island, having been privately purchased or bred.
    12VA-062.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-11026_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10978_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • A blue and yellow PeruRail train stops in Aguas Calientes village ("Machupicchu Town"), at the foot of Machu Picchu in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. PeruRail runs passenger train service from Cusco to Aguas Calientes (Spanish for "hot water" or "hot springs"), nestled on the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas). Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-20-33-Train-Aguas-Calientes-Ma...jpg
  • Tourists explore a restored Inca stone corridor at Machu Picchu, a magnificent archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-16-24-Machu-Picchu-corridor.jpg
  • The pinnacle of Huayna Picchu rises over Machu Picchu, a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The Incas built temples, terraces, and a trail up the peak of Huayna Picchu ("Young Peak" in Quechua, 2720 meters or 8920 feet above sea level). Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-15-29-Machu-Picchu-people-v.jpg
  • A rain storm breaks over Machu Picchu, a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-12-37_Machu-Picchu-shower.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • The Incas finely crafted this stone wall with windows at Machu Picchu, a magnificent archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-30_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • A captive Tasmanian devil stands in a pen at Bonorong Wildlife Park, Briggs Road, Brighton, Tasmania, Australia. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is a carnivorous marsupial of the family Dasyuridae, now found in the wild only on the island state of Tasmania. The devil is an iconic symbol of Tasmania and attractor of tourists, many of whom know the Looney Tunes cartoon character, the "Tasmanian Devil." Ancient marsupials probably migrated from what is now South America to Australia tens of millions of years ago during the time of Gondwana. Tasmanian devils probably disappeared from the Australian mainland around 3000 years ago due to predation by dingoes (wild dogs probably introduced by aborigines much earlier), which are absent on Tasmania. Formerly hunted by humans, the devils became officially protected in 1941. Since the late 1990s, devil facial tumor disease has drastically reduced devil numbers, and in 2008 the species was declared endangered. Illegally introduced red foxes kill devils, and motor vehicles dispatch devils that are on the road eating other road kill. Due to export restrictions and the failure of overseas devils to breed, almost no devils live legally outside of Australia. The size of a small dog, the Tasmanian devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936. It has a stocky and muscular build, black fur, pungent odor, extremely loud and disturbing screech, keen sense of smell, and ferocity when feeding. It has an exceptionally strong bite, hunts prey, scavenges carrion, climbs trees, and swims across rivers.
    04AUS-30166_Tasmanian-Devil_Bonorong.jpg
  • Quito, capital city of Ecuador, wraps around the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active volcano. The mountain's two highest peaks are the Guagua (15,696 feet/4,784 m), which means "child" in Quechua and the Rucu (15,413 feet/4,698 m), which means "old person". The active caldera is in the Guagua, on the western side of the mountain. Guagua is usually accessed from the village Lloa outside of Quito. In October of 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of ash. Prior to that, the last major eruption was in 1660, when about a foot of ash fell on the city. On May 24, 1822, in the context of the war of independence of Latin American, Patriot forces defeated a Spanish colonial army on the slopes of the Pichincha. The encounter, known as the Battle of Pichincha, sealed the independence of the lands that constitute modern Ecuador. San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito, is the capital city of Ecuador (and of Pichincha province) in northwestern South America. This city of 1.4 million people (as of the 2001 census) is located in the Guayllabamba river basin. Panorama was stitched from 7 overlapping photos.
    09ECU-2214-20pan_Quito-Ecuador_Quito...jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978. The panorama was stitched from two overlapping photos.
    04WY-0579-580pan_Palette-Spring.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0556.jpg
  • Canary Spring steams at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0530.jpg
  • Auto care in Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal: a man sacrifices a duck in hopes to ward off car problems in the coming year. Dasain Festival (or Durga Puja) is Nepal's biggest annual festival, a 15-day family affair with the biggest animal sacrifice of the year. Durga Puja celebrates the victory of the bloodthirsty goddess Durga over the forces of evil personified in the buffalo demon Mahisasura.  Outside of the city, country dwellers erect swings and makeshift ferris wheels.
    07NEP-1298.jpg
  • Along Outside North Fork Road in 2010, a recent forest fire cleared the view through tree trunks to the North Fork of the Flathead River and the Livingston Range in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. The crest of the Rocky Mountains demarks the Continental Divide. (Panorama stitched from 6 photos.)
    10GLA-1166-71pan_Flathead-River-Nort...jpg
  • The Peace Valley tract of the Sutter Buttes was purchased from private ranchers in 2003 by California Department of Parks and Recreation for a future state park. The Sutter Buttes, notable as the world's smallest mountain range (10 miles across), are a small circular complex of eroded volcanic lava domes which rise above the flat plains of the Sacramento Valley (the northern part of the Central Valley of California, USA), just outside of Yuba City. The highest peak, South Butte, reaches about 2,130 feet (650 m) above sea level. The Buttes formed over 1.5 million years ago by a now-extinct volcano. They are named for John Sutter, who received a large land grant from the Mexican government. Published in March 2011 issue of The Pipevine, newsletter of Mount Lassen Chapter of the California Native Plant Society. Panorama stitched from 5 overlapping photos.
    0911CA-026-30pan_Sutter-Buttes.jpg
  • Actors play American militia carrying guns, flags, drum and fife outside of the Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia, which was colonial Virginia's capital from 1699 to 1780, and a center of education and culture.
    08VA-1399_Colonial-Williamsburg-VA.jpg
  • Actors play a woman in brown cape and two American militia carrying drum and fife outside of the Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia, which was colonial Virginia's capital from 1699 to 1780, and a center of education and culture.
    08VA-1398_Colonial-Williamsburg-VA.jpg
  • The Cloudless Giant Sulphur (Phoebis sennae) is a small to midsized butterfly in the family Pieridae found in the New World.  The caterpillar will form a chrysalis that is pointed at both ends and humped in the middle. The chrysalis will be either yellow or green with pink or green stripes. From the chrysalis comes a large butterfly (2 1/8-2 3/4 inches) with fairly elongated but not angled wings. Their range is wide, from South America to southern Canada. They are most common from Argentina to southern Texas and Florida, but are often visitors outside this range becoming more rare further north. The common habitats of this butterfly are open spaces, gardens, glades, seashores, and watercourses. The adult butterfly feeds on nectar from many different flowers with long tubes including cordia, bougainvillea, cardinal flower, hibiscus, lantana, and wild morning glory.  Photographed in the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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  • Ancient fractal rock pattern displayed in a geology exhibit outside of the Mammoth Site museum building, in Hot Springs, South Dakota, USA. The Mammoth Site is a fascinating museum and active paleontological site in the town of Hot Springs, in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
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  • Sunrise shines on Cerro 30 Aniversario above Rio Electrico Valley near Piedra Negra, outside of El Chalten, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Hike the scenic Rio Electrico Valley to Refugio Piedra del Fraile ("Stone of the Friar", 14.5 km round trip). From the refuge, a path ascends very steeply to Paso Quadrado (gaining 1340 m vertically in 8.4 km round trip) for a spectacular view. Views keep improving the higher you go. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Butch Cassidy's Ranch, near Cholila, Chubut Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid and Etta Place tried settling down and making an honest living from 1901-05 near the quiet farming community of Cholila, outside the northeast entrance of present-day Parque Nacional Los Alerces.
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  • Butch Cassidy's Ranch, near Cholila, Chubut Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid and Etta Place tried settling down and making an honest living from 1901-05 near the quiet farming community of Cholila, outside the northeast entrance of present-day Parque Nacional Los Alerces.
    2002PAT-0240.jpg
  • Butch Cassidy's Ranch, near Cholila, Chubut Province, Argentina, Patagonia, South America. Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid and Etta Place tried settling down and making an honest living from 1901-05 near the quiet farming community of Cholila, outside the northeast entrance of present-day Parque Nacional Los Alerces. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    2002PAT-0238-239-Pano.jpg
  • The maxim "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil" was popularized from the 1600s carving of the proverbial three wise monkeys on a storehouse in Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan. One interpretation is to be of good mind, speech and action. But in the Western world, the phrase often refers to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. The three monkeys are Mizaru, covering his eyes, who sees no evil; Kikazaru, covering his ears, who hears no evil; and Iwazaru, covering his mouth, who speaks no evil. Outside of Japan, the last two of the monkeys' names have sometimes been corrupted, resulting in Mizaru, Mikazaru and Mazaru. Hidari Jingoro may have carved these panels to incorporate Confucius's Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man's life cycle. Out of eight panels, the iconic three wise monkeys are panel 2. The philosophy likely originated with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 700s (Nara Period). The figures may represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • The Duke of Wellington statue was erected in 1852 outside of Register House in Edinburgh, as a memorial to the victor over the French at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 (in present-day Belgium). His horse is named Copenhagen, ridden by the Duke throughout the Battle of Waterloo. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • This statue outside of York Minster honors Constantine the Great (or Saint Constantine, AD 274 - 337) who was proclaimed Roman Emperor in York in AD 306. York is in North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom, Europe. Constantine was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian-Greek origin from 306 to 337. While campaigning under his father in Britannia (Britain), Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at Eboracum (modern-day York) after his father's death in 306 AD. He emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324 AD. Among his many major reforms, Constantine separated the civil and military authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced a new gold coin, the solidus, the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, and he played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at which the Nicene Creed was adopted by Christians. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself. It became the capital of the Empire for more than a thousand years, and the later Eastern Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire. He replaced Diocletian's tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession by leaving the empire to his sons. He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholics. Historically, he has been called the "First Christian Emperor" for his promotion of the Christian Church, but some modern scholars d
    17UK2-1467_England.jpg
  • An historic ore wagon decays outside of the Miner's Union Hall, at the corner of Green Street and Main Street in Bodie, California's official state gold rush ghost town. Bodie State Historic Park lies in the Bodie Hills east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Mono County, near Bridgeport, California, USA. After W. S. Bodey's original gold discovery in 1859, profitable gold ore discoveries in 1876 and 1878 transformed "Bodie" from an isolated mining camp to a Wild West boomtown. By 1879, Bodie had a population of 5000-7000 people with 2000 buildings. At its peak, 65 saloons lined Main Street, which was a mile long. Bodie declined rapidly 1912-1917 and the last mine closed in 1942. Bodie became a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and Bodie State Historic Park in 1962.
    1507CAL-2613_Bodie-CA.jpg
  • The Needles District of Canyonlands National Park is seen from a campsite at Needles Outpost Campground just outside the park, in Utah, USA. The Permian rocks of the Needles District formed where red alluvial fans from the east interwove with white dunes from the west, making spires striped red and white. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1503SW-1040-41pan_Needles-District_C...jpg
  • Sandstone formations of the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park are seen from Needles Outpost Campground just outside the park, in Utah, USA. The Permian rocks of the Needles District formed where red alluvial fans from the east interwove with white dunes from the west, making spires striped red and white.
    1503SW-1038_Needles-District_Canyonl...jpg
  • This image of Jack Tar first appeared after 1841, when the US Navy regulated its uniforms for the first time, with shore leave uniform of open jacket, red neckerchief, black shoes, and black brimmed hat. This "Jack Tar, Mid-19th century" carved and painted wood trade sign originally stood outside a San Francisco ships' chandler shop, which sold navigational instruments and naval supplies. It was later used as a cigar store figure in San Jose, California. Hats water-proofed with tar or dark paint gave the ordinary sailor the nickname "Jack Tar." Shelburne Museum is one of the finest, most diverse, unconventional museums of American folk art. Visit this extensive museum in the town of Shelburne, near Lake Champlain, in Vermont, USA. Over 150,000 works are exhibited in 38 buildings, 25 of which are historic (relocated from New England and New York). See impressionist paintings, American paintings, artifacts of the 1600s-1900s, folk art, quilts and textiles, carriages, furniture, a lighthouse, covered bridge, and 220-foot steamboat Ticonderoga. Electra Havemeyer Webb, an avid collector of American folk art, founded the Museum in 1947.
    1410VT-136_Shelburne-Museum.jpg
  • A historic 1913 clock stands 15 feet high outside of the Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI), in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, USA. This clock was built by Joseph Mayer in 1913 and was installed in 1915 in front of Carroll's Jewelers at Fourth Avenue and Pike Street in Seattle. The clock was donated to MOHAI and installed in 2008. The mechanical clock required winding once a week until the innards were stolen over Christmas 2009. The clock face reads "Carroll's Diamonds - Watches." MOHAI is the largest private heritage organization in the State of Washington.
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  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. The bell is inscribed in Church Slavonic: "Heavenly King, receive all who glorify Him." Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical
    1212CA-2211.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. See www.FortRoss.org on the internet.
    1212CA-2212.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. See www.FortRoss.org on the internet.
    1212CA-2210.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2208.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2177.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2173.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2162.jpg
  • Chicken wire, stones, and branches protect the rubber hoses on our Volkswagon Eurovan Camper from porcupines at Bugaboo Septet Recreation Site, a free campground with 4 primitive campsites operated by the Forest Service, just outside of Bugaboo Provincial Park, in British Columbia, Canada. Most tourists are attracted by nearby Canadian Rockies parks along fast paved highways and skip gravel logging roads, thereby leaving the spectacular "Bugaboos" as a quiet retreat for hikers, climbers, and luxury CMH helicopter guests. Directions: From Brisco (about 44 kms north of Invermere on Hwy 95), follow signs to Bugaboo Provincial Park and CMH Lodge on a gravel logging road. After 47 kms, turn right on a rougher road to reach Cobalt Lake trail head and Kain Hut trail head, or continue straight along Bugaboo Forest Service Road. Before you reach the gate of luxury CMH Bugaboo Lodge, a left turn crosses Bugaboo Creek bridge: then a left reaches Bugaboo Septet Recreation Site (reachable by 2WD vehicles) or straight up takes 4WD vehicles and hikers to Chalice Creek trailhead.
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  • A privately owned Chincoteague Pony is displayed at a motel on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, USA. The Chincoteague Pony (or Assateague horse) is a breed of small horse (Equus ferus caballus) which lives wild on Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland, USA. The breed was made famous by the "Misty of Chincoteague" series written by Marguerite Henry starting in 1947. They can be any solid color, and are often found in attractive pinto patterns. Island Chincoteagues live on a poor diet of salt marsh plants and brush. Legend claims that Chincoteague ponies descend from wrecked Spanish galleons. They more likely descend from stock released by 1600s colonists escaping laws and taxes on mainland livestock. In 1835, pony penning began, with settlers rounding up and removing some ponies. In 1924 the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company held the first official "Pony Penning Day," where ponies were auctioned to raise money, as done ever since. The federal government owns Assateague Island, which is split by a fence at the Maryland/Virginia state line, with a herd of around 150 ponies living on each side of the fence managed separately. The Maryland herd of "Assateague horses" lives within Assateague Island National Seashore and is treated as wild, except for contraceptives given to prevent overpopulation. The Virginia herd of "Chincoteague ponies" lives within the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge but is owned by the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company. The Virginia ponies get twice yearly veterinary inspections to cover possible auction sale into the outside world. Only about 300 ponies live on Assateague Island, but 1000 more live off-island, having been privately purchased or bred.
    12VA-067.jpg
  • A privately owned Chincoteague Pony mother horse and pony are displayed at a motel's pen on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, USA. The Chincoteague Pony (or Assateague horse) is a breed of small horse (Equus ferus caballus) which lives wild on Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland, USA. The breed was made famous by the "Misty of Chincoteague" series written by Marguerite Henry starting in 1947. They can be any solid color, and are often found in attractive pinto patterns. Island Chincoteagues live on a poor diet of salt marsh plants and brush. Legend claims that Chincoteague ponies descend from wrecked Spanish galleons. They more likely descend from stock released by 1600s colonists escaping laws and taxes on mainland livestock. In 1835, pony penning began, with settlers rounding up and removing some ponies. In 1924 the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company held the first official "Pony Penning Day," where ponies were auctioned to raise money, as done ever since. The federal government owns Assateague Island, which is split by a fence at the Maryland/Virginia state line, with a herd of around 150 ponies living on each side of the fence managed separately. The Maryland herd of "Assateague horses" lives within Assateague Island National Seashore and is treated as wild, except for contraceptives given to prevent overpopulation. The Virginia herd of "Chincoteague ponies" lives within the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge but is owned by the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company. The Virginia ponies get twice yearly veterinary inspections to cover possible auction sale into the outside world. Only about 300 ponies live on Assateague Island, but 1000 more live off-island, having been privately purchased or bred.
    12VA-058.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10985_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10974_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10972_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • Nicknamed "Kodak Gap" for its spectacular peaks above a narrow passage, Lemaire Channel lies off of Antarctica, between Kiev Peninsula in the continent's Graham Land and Booth Island. Steep cliffs hem in the iceberg-filled strait, which is 11 km long and narrows to just 1600 meters wide. Lemaire Channel was first seen by the German expedition of 1873-74, but not traversed until December 1898, when the Belgica of the de Gerlache expedition passed through. De Gerlache named it for Charles Lemaire (1863-1925), a Belgian explorer of the Congo. Popular Antarctic cruises are now attracted to Lemaire Channel by protected waters that are often as still as a lake (a rarity in the storm-wracked Southern Ocean), and the north-south traverse delivers vessels close to Petermann Island, home of the world's southernmost colony of Gentoo Penguins. The principal difficulty is that icebergs may fill the channel, especially in early season, obliging a ship to backtrack around the outside of Booth Island to reach Petermann.
    05ANT-10973_Lemaire-Channel.jpg
  • A rainbow shines over a llama grazing on agricultural terraces at Machu Picchu, Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-17-09-Llama-Rainbow.jpg
  • At Machu Picchu, Peru, the Incas crafted the Temple of the Moon as a wall of doors and windows fitting perfectly under a giant overhanging rock. The summit of Huayna Picchu is normally a two-hour walk (1.9 kilometers round-trip). The easiest way to visit the Temple of the Moon is to retrace your steps down from Huayna Picchu and take the marked trail turnoff halfway down, which leads directly to the alcove, adding about 12 hours round trip. Many local names are arbitrary, non-Inca inventions, including the "Temple of the Moon." Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas) in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-16-34_Machu-Picchu_Temple-0f-M...jpg
  • At Machu Picchu, Peru, the kite-shaped sacred stone sitting in the small square around the Principal Temple might represent the Southern Cross constellation. This stone is a huaca (or waqa), or revered object, in Quechua language. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas) in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-16-05_Machu-Picchu_Southern-cr...jpg
  • The four-sided Intihuatana (Hitching Post of the Sun) ritual stone sculpture was likely the most sacred place in Machu Picchu, a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The name Intihuatana (coined perhaps by Hiram Bingham) is derived from the Quechua language: inti means "sun"; huata- is a Spanish spelling of wata-, the verb root "to tie or hitch (up)"; and the -na suffix derives nouns for tools or places. Scholars dispute various theoretical uses of Intihuatana such as a sacrificial altar, as a temple aligned with the surrounding mountains and their resident apus (gods), as a solar observatory (but unlikely as a sundial), or simply as an abstract art work. The mysterious Intihuatana is an important huaca (or waqa), a revered object, in Quechua language. The stone is at 13°9'48" South latitude. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River (Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-16-10_Intihuatana_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983. Seven overlapping photographs by Carol Dempsey were stitched into this panorama. Published by Sierra Magazine, Sierra Club Outings September/October 2002. Published in a book in Paris, France. Published on a German tour operator's website.
    00PERC-p5-17-23pan_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983. Published in 2009 on Swedish trekking company site www.adventurelovers.se. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. Panorama stitched from 4 overlapping images.
    03PER-14-pan29-28-27-31_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • A cliffside Inca Trail bridge is restored at Machu Picchu, in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The tree-trunk bridge controls the west entrance of Machu Picchu across a drop of 570 meters (1870 feet) to the base of the rock wall. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    03PER-12-32-Inca-bridge.jpg
  • The pinnacle of Huayna Picchu rises over Machu Picchu, a magnificent Inca archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The Incas built temples, terraces, and a trail up the peak of Huayna Picchu ("Young Peak" in Quechua, 2720 meters or 8920 feet above sea level). Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-35_Machu-Picchu_Huayna-Picc...jpg
  • From atop the peak of Huayna Picchu, see terraces of the Machu Picchu archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The Incas built temples, terraces, and a trail up the peak of Huayna Picchu ("Young Peak" in Quechua, 2720 meters or 8920 feet above sea level). Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-11_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • From atop the peak of Huayna Picchu, see terraces of the Machu Picchu archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. The Incas built temples, terraces, and a trail up the peak of Huayna Picchu ("Young Peak" in Quechua, 2720 meters or 8920 feet above sea level). Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-09_Machu-Picchu.jpg
  • The Incas finely crafted this stone alcove in a wall at Machu Picchu, a magnificent archeological site in the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Andes mountains, Peru, South America. Machu Picchu was built around 1450 AD as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (14381472). Spaniards passed in the river valley below but never discovered Machu Picchu during their conquest of the Incas 1532-1572. The outside world was unaware of the "Lost City of the Incas" until revealed by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Machu Picchu perches at 2430 meters elevation (7970 feet) on a well defended ridge 450 meters (1480 ft) above a loop of the Urubamba/Vilcanota River ( Sacred Valley of the Incas). UNESCO honored the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu on the World Heritage List in 1983.
    00PER-15-03_Inca-stonework-alcove.jpg
  • Agricultural fields form a checkerboard outside an Andes highland village near the Cordillera Vilcabamba mountains, Peru, South America.
    03PER-05-10-Patchwork-Vilcabamba.jpg
  • A sign warns "DEVILS BITE, PLEASE DO NOT FEED, TEASE OR TOUCH" at Bonorong Wildlife Park, Brighton, Tasmania, Australia. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is a carnivorous marsupial of the family Dasyuridae, now found in the wild only on the island state of Tasmania. The devil is an iconic symbol of Tasmania and attractor of tourists, many of whom know the Looney Tunes cartoon character, the "Tasmanian Devil." Ancient marsupials probably migrated from what is now South America to Australia tens of millions of years ago during the time of Gondwana. Tasmanian devils probably disappeared from the Australian mainland around 3000 years ago due to predation by dingoes (wild dogs probably introduced by aborigines much earlier), which are absent on Tasmania. Formerly hunted by humans, the devils became officially protected in 1941. Since the late 1990s, devil facial tumor disease has drastically reduced devil numbers, and in 2008 the species was declared endangered. Illegally introduced red foxes kill devils, and motor vehicles dispatch devils that are on the road eating other road kill. Due to export restrictions and the failure of overseas devils to breed, almost no devils live legally outside of Australia. The size of a small dog, the Tasmanian devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936. It has a stocky and muscular build, black fur, pungent odor, extremely loud and disturbing screech, keen sense of smell, and ferocity when feeding. It has an exceptionally strong bite, hunts prey, scavenges carrion, climbs trees, and swims across rivers.
    04AUS-30179_Devils-Bite-Do-Not-Tease.jpg
  • A wild Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) forages in the Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This large white cockatoo is found in wooded habitats in Australia (widely in the north and east but not in inland areas with few trees) and in New Guinea (except for highlands). They are numerous in suburban Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, and Brisbane. Outside of their natural range, they have been introduced to Perth, Singapore, Palau, and New Zealand. They live 20-40 years in the wild and up to 70 years in captivity. They are considered a pest in some areas and are demanding as pets, being very loud and having a natural desire to chew wood or hard materials.
    04AUS-10052_Sulphur-crested-Cockatoo.jpg
  • Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0602.jpg
  • Angel Terrace, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0601.jpg
  • Orange Spring Mound, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0595.jpg
  • Orange Spring Mound, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0589.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0576.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0560.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera.
    04WY-0559.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    04WY-0551.jpg
  • Palette Spring, Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Over thousands of years, Mammoth Hot Springs have built white travertine terraces. Algae and bacteria tint the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green. Terrace Mountain (including Minerva Terrace) at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The Mammoth Hotel and Fort Yellowstone are built upon the old Hotel Terrace formation. Hot water from Norris Geyser Basin within the Yellowstone Caldera travels underground via a fault line through limestone and deposits calcium carbonate at Mammoth Hot Springs, outside of the active supervolcano’s caldera. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world (1872), and UNESCO honored it as a World Heritage site in 1978.
    04WY-0550.jpg
  • The tuk-tuk is the Southeast Asian version of a vehicle known elsewhere as an auto rickshaw or cabin cycle. The tuk-tuk is widely used as urban transport here in Bangkok (and other Thai cities, as well as other major Southeast Asian and South Asian cities). In the background is Wat Pho (or Po), the oldest and largest wat (Buddhist temple or monastery) in Bangkok, with the longest reclining Buddha and the largest collection of Buddha images in Thailand. Wat Pho is located outside the south wall of the Grand Palace.
    07THI-243.jpg
  • In Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal, women string necklaces of marigold flowers for Dasain Festival (or Durga Puja), which is Nepal's biggest annual festival, a 15-day family affair with the biggest animal sacrifice of the year. Durga Puja celebrates the victory of the bloodthirsty goddess Durga over the forces of evil personified in the buffalo demon Mahisasura.  Outside of the city, country dwellers erect swings and makeshift ferris wheels.
    07NEP-1161.jpg
  • Soldiers march through Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal, Asia. Dasain Festival (or Durga Puja) is Nepal's biggest annual festival, a 15-day family affair with the biggest animal sacrifice of the year. Durga Puja celebrates the victory of the bloodthirsty goddess Durga over the forces of evil personified in the buffalo demon Mahisasura.  Outside of the city, country dwellers erect swings and makeshift ferris wheels.
    07NEP-1118.jpg
  • The Peace Valley tract of the Sutter Buttes was purchased from private ranchers in 2003 by California Department of Parks and Recreation for a future state park. The Sutter Buttes, notable as the world's smallest mountain range (10 miles across), are a small circular complex of eroded volcanic lava domes which rise above the flat plains of the Sacramento Valley (the northern part of the Central Valley of California, USA), just outside of Yuba City. The highest peak, South Butte, reaches about 2,130 feet (650 m) above sea level. The Buttes formed over 1.5 million years ago by a now-extinct volcano. They are named for John Sutter, who received a large land grant from the Mexican government. Published in March 2011 issue of The Pipevine, newsletter of Mount Lassen Chapter of the California Native Plant Society.
    0911CA-020_hiker-oaks_Sutter-Buttes.jpg
  • Actors play American militia carrying guns, flags, drum and fife outside of the Capitol building at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. A black woman in brown cape looks on. Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia, which was colonial Virginia's capital from 1699 to 1780, and a center of education and culture.
    08VA-1400_Colonial-Williamsburg-VA.jpg
  • The Peace Valley tract of the Sutter Buttes was purchased from private ranchers in 2003 by California Department of Parks and Recreation for a future state park. The Sutter Buttes, notable as the world's smallest mountain range (10 miles across), are a small circular complex of eroded volcanic lava domes which rise above the flat plains of the Sacramento Valley (the northern part of the Central Valley of California, USA), just outside of Yuba City. The highest peak, South Butte, reaches about 2,130 feet (650 m) above sea level. The Buttes formed over 1.5 million years ago by a now-extinct volcano. They are named for John Sutter, who received a large land grant from the Mexican government.
    0911CA-032_Sutter-Buttes.jpg
  • A non-native black swan (Cygnus atratus) swims in the koi pond at Byodo-In Temple, built in 1968 in Valley of Temples Memorial Park, Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Cygnus atratus is native to southeast and southwest Australia. Introduced worldwide as ornamental birds in the 1800s, black swans often escape and form stable populations. They were introduced to New Zealand in the 1860s. "Black swan theory" is a metaphor for an event that comes as a surprise (beyond expectations and outside of probabilistic models), has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The term derives from an ancient saying which presumed black swans did not exist yet had to be rewritten after black swans were discovered in the wilds of Australia by Europeans in 1697. Black swan theory was developed in 2001 and 2007 books by Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Sales of his 2007 book "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable" skyrocketed as the Great Recession coincidentally unfolded in 2007-2009, as a perfect example of a black swan event. Taleb's theory differs from the earlier and broader "black swan problem" in philosophy (the problem of induction, where the observation of a single black swan would be the undoing of the subsequent logic of any system of thought).
    1701HAW-0298.jpg
  • Exterior facade, glass window patttern. Seattle Public Library, designed by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, finished in 2004. Address: 1000 Fourth Ave, Seattle, Washington 98164, USA.
    04LIB-015-outside-tree-wall-pattern.jpg
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