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  • The Green Bank Telescope, near the town of Green Bank, West Virginia, is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and Associated Universities, Inc. operate it using funds from the National Science Foundation (NSF).  It is surround by the 13,000 square miles of the only US national Radio Quiet Zone, established in  1958 by the FCC. The observatory contains many other notable telescopes, among them the 140 foot telescope that utilizes an equatorial mount uncommon for radio telescopes, three 85 foot telescopes forming an interferometer array, a 40 foot telescope used by school groups and organizations for small scale research, a fixed radio 'horn' built to observe Cygnus X-1, a bunk house to facilitate these guests, as well as a reproduction of the original antenna built by Karl Jansky while he worked for Bell Labs to detect the interference that was discovered to be previously unknown natural radio waves emitted by the universe.
    08WV-1120_Green-Bank-Radio-Telescope.jpg
  • The "Disney Panel" of petroglyphs in the Barker Dam area at Joshua Tree National Park, in California, USA. In a culturally-insensitive act which would now be considered as vandalism, a Disney film crew allegedly added some new petroglyphs here and painted over existing petroglyphs with bright modern colors to make the panel more visible for the 1961 film "Chico, the Misunderstood Coyote." The paint cannot be removed without damaging the original petroglyphs. "Contemporary graffiti at rock art sites interfere with aesthetic appreciation, degrade the archaeological value of the resource, and disrespect the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples" said Richard A. Rogers, Associate Professor of Speech Communication at Northern Arizona University in 2007. Most pictographs and petroglyphs in the park were done by the Cahuilla Indians who seasonally harvested pinyon nuts, mesquite beans, acorns, and cactus fruit.
    2103SW-A0395.jpg
  • The "Disney Panel" of petroglyphs in the Barker Dam area at Joshua Tree National Park, in California, USA. In a culturally-insensitive act which would now be considered as vandalism, a Disney film crew allegedly added some new petroglyphs here and painted over existing petroglyphs with bright modern colors to make the panel more visible for the 1961 film "Chico, the Misunderstood Coyote." The paint cannot be removed without damaging the original petroglyphs. "Contemporary graffiti at rock art sites interfere with aesthetic appreciation, degrade the archaeological value of the resource, and disrespect the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples" said Richard A. Rogers, Associate Professor of Speech Communication at Northern Arizona University in 2007. Most pictographs and petroglyphs in the park were done by the Cahuilla Indians who seasonally harvested pinyon nuts, mesquite beans, acorns, and cactus fruit.
    2103SW-A0393.jpg
  • The "Disney Panel" of petroglyphs in the Barker Dam area at Joshua Tree National Park, in California, USA. In a culturally-insensitive act which would now be considered as vandalism, a Disney film crew allegedly added some new petroglyphs here and painted over existing petroglyphs with bright modern colors to make the panel more visible for the 1961 film "Chico, the Misunderstood Coyote." The paint cannot be removed without damaging the original petroglyphs. "Contemporary graffiti at rock art sites interfere with aesthetic appreciation, degrade the archaeological value of the resource, and disrespect the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples" said Richard A. Rogers, Associate Professor of Speech Communication at Northern Arizona University in 2007. Most pictographs and petroglyphs in the park were done by the Cahuilla Indians who seasonally harvested pinyon nuts, mesquite beans, acorns, and cactus fruit.
    2103SW-A0390.jpg
  • Carved rock forms an abstract puma shape at Qenko. The large limestone outcrop of Qenko was an important Inca huaca (or waqa, a revered object, in Quechua language). Qenko is a 20 minute walk from Sacsayhuaman, on Socorro hill, 4 km from Cuzco (Cusco or Qosqo), in Peru, South America. Beneath Qenko are several tunnels and caves, replete with impressive carved niches and steps, which may have been places for spiritual contemplation and communication with the forces of life and earth. Qenko was carved with a complex pattern of steps, seats, geometric reliefs, and puma designs. The name Qenko derives from the Quechua word quenqo, meaning "labyrinth" or "zigzag," referring to patterns laboriously carved into the upper, western edge of the stone. The three main layers of the Inca cosmos are: sky (condor), earth (puma), and the underworld (snake).
    03PER-02-02_Qenko-Cave-puma-2.jpg
  • Fall foliage colors brighten the Chico State campus. California State University, Chico (CSUC) is the second-oldest campus (1887) in the state's 23-campus system. The current administration building Kendall Hall was built on the site of the Normal School in 1929. The university is still commonly called "Chico State" after the 1935-1972 Chico State College and 1921-1935 Chico State Teacher's College. Chico State teaches nearly 16,000 students and is known for academic excellence in engineering, science, computing, business, technology, environmental studies, Theatre Arts, and communication.
    1111CA2-079.jpg
  • Pistachio tree leaves turn bright yellow in fall on the Chico State campus. California State University, Chico (CSUC) is the second-oldest campus (1887) in the state's 23-campus system. The university is still commonly called "Chico State" after the 1935-1972 Chico State College and 1921-1935 Chico State Teacher's College. Chico State teaches nearly 16,000 students and is known for academic excellence in engineering, science, computing, business, technology, environmental studies, Theatre Arts, and communication.
    1111CA2-083.jpg
  • Campground. Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site is popular for birding and bouldering (rock climbing) in El Paso County, Texas, USA. Geology: In the park, three oddly lumpy mountains rise from the Chihuahuan Desert. In this area 320 million years ago, an inland sea laid thick sediments which later solidified into limestone. Around 35 million years ago, hot magma (molten rock) pushed up into the underground limestone layers and cooled into a syenite pluton (a form of igneous rock or cooled magma). Over millions of years, wind and water wore away the limestone covering then sculpted the syenite into the present hills. Cracks and hollows (huecos in Spanish) in the rocks hold rain for several days to several months. Most of the huecos occur naturally, but early residents also built dams and tanks. To better preserve the sensitive ecosystem, visitors should avoid touching the pools, which host the eggs of freshwater shrimp and spadefoot toads. History: Throughout the last 10,000 years, Hueco Tanks has provided water, food and shelter to travelers in the Chihuahuan Desert. People left clues to their stories in unique pictographs and petroglyphs visible today. Starting in 1858, Hueco Tanks served for a year as a relay station and water source for the historic Butterfield Overland Mail (which was then shifted south to a safer route). Twice a week, the Butterfield stagecoach carried passengers and US Mail in just 22 days to San Francisco starting from Memphis, Tennessee or St. Louis, Missouri; for the first time, people separated by nearly 2000 miles of wilderness could communicate. Escontrias Ranch started here in 1898, became a tourist attraction by the 1940s and became a country park in 1965, then a state park in 1969. Directions: From El Paso's Montana Avenue (US Highway 62/180), turn north at RM 2775. This panorama was stitched from 4 overlapping photos.
    1404TX-1146-49pan_Hueco-Tanks_Texas.jpg
  • Stagecoach wheel of historic Butterfield Overland Mail. Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site is popular for birding and bouldering (rock climbing) in El Paso County, Texas, USA. History: Throughout the last 10,000 years, Hueco Tanks has provided water, food and shelter to travelers in the Chihuahuan Desert. People left clues to their stories in unique pictographs and petroglyphs visible today. Starting in 1858, Hueco Tanks served for a year as a relay station and water source for the historic Butterfield Overland Mail (which was then shifted south to a safer route). Twice a week, the Butterfield stagecoach carried passengers and US Mail in just 22 days to San Francisco starting from Memphis, Tennessee or St. Louis, Missouri; for the first time, people separated by nearly 2000 miles of wilderness could communicate. Escontrias Ranch started here in 1898, became a tourist attraction by the 1940s and became a country park in 1965, then a state park in 1969. Directions: From El Paso's Montana Avenue (US Highway 62/180), turn north at RM 2775.
    1404TX-1239_Hueco-Tanks_Texas.jpg
  • Eroded boulder. Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site is popular for birding and bouldering (rock climbing) in El Paso County, Texas, USA. Geology: In the park, three oddly lumpy mountains rise from the Chihuahuan Desert. In this area 320 million years ago, an inland sea laid thick sediments which later solidified into limestone. Around 35 million years ago, hot magma (molten rock) pushed up into the underground limestone layers and cooled into a syenite pluton (a form of igneous rock or cooled magma). Over millions of years, wind and water wore away the limestone covering then sculpted the syenite into the present hills. Cracks and hollows (huecos in Spanish) in the rocks hold rain for several days to several months. Most of the huecos occur naturally, but early residents also built dams and tanks. To better preserve the sensitive ecosystem, visitors should avoid touching the pools, which host the eggs of freshwater shrimp and spadefoot toads. History: Throughout the last 10,000 years, Hueco Tanks has provided water, food and shelter to travelers in the Chihuahuan Desert. People left clues to their stories in unique pictographs and petroglyphs visible today. Starting in 1858, Hueco Tanks served for a year as a relay station and water source for the historic Butterfield Overland Mail (which was then shifted south to a safer route). Twice a week, the Butterfield stagecoach carried passengers and US Mail in just 22 days to San Francisco starting from Memphis, Tennessee or St. Louis, Missouri; for the first time, people separated by nearly 2000 miles of wilderness could communicate. Escontrias Ranch started here in 1898, became a tourist attraction by the 1940s and became a country park in 1965, then a state park in 1969. Directions: From El Paso's Montana Avenue (US Highway 62/180), turn north at RM 2775.
    1404TX-1204_Hueco-Tanks_Texas.jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0644_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Stone doorway. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0636_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0616_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0613_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0592_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Support timbers decay in stone wall at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved in Chaco Canyon. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0557_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Support timbers decay in stone wall at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved in Chaco Canyon. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0554_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0432-433pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 4 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0373-376pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0334_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Walk through ancient doorways to mysterious rooms in Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0311_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Filled stone doorway. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0289_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • T-shaped stone wall opening. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0279_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0240_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Modern supports hold up an ancient wall. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0231_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • A windy day kicks up dust, obscuring views. Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site is popular for birding and bouldering (rock climbing) in El Paso County, Texas, USA. Geology: In the park, three oddly lumpy mountains rise from the Chihuahuan Desert. In this area 320 million years ago, an inland sea laid thick sediments which later solidified into limestone. Around 35 million years ago, hot magma (molten rock) pushed up into the underground limestone layers and cooled into a syenite pluton (a form of igneous rock or cooled magma). Over millions of years, wind and water wore away the limestone covering then sculpted the syenite into the present hills. Cracks and hollows (huecos in Spanish) in the rocks hold rain for several days to several months. Most of the huecos occur naturally, but early residents also built dams and tanks. To better preserve the sensitive ecosystem, visitors should avoid touching the pools, which host the eggs of freshwater shrimp and spadefoot toads. History: Throughout the last 10,000 years, Hueco Tanks has provided water, food and shelter to travelers in the Chihuahuan Desert. People left clues to their stories in unique pictographs and petroglyphs visible today. Starting in 1858, Hueco Tanks served for a year as a relay station and water source for the historic Butterfield Overland Mail (which was then shifted south to a safer route). Twice a week, the Butterfield stagecoach carried passengers and US Mail in just 22 days to San Francisco starting from Memphis, Tennessee or St. Louis, Missouri; for the first time, people separated by nearly 2000 miles of wilderness could communicate. Escontrias Ranch started here in 1898, became a tourist attraction by the 1940s and became a country park in 1965, then a state park in 1969. Directions: From El Paso's Montana Avenue (US Highway 62/180), turn north at RM 2775.
    1404TX-1143_Hueco-Tanks_Texas.jpg
  • A stone wall window opening creates an almost S-shaped shadow. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0638_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0570_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0556_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0412-413pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0392-394pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • Inside an ancient passage. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0315_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • Walk inside Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 4 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0304-307pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • Four doorways connect rooms at Pueblo Bonito, 828-1126 AD Great House, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, still standing in Chaco Canyon. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. Two images were combined (stitched) to increase depth of focus from near to far doorways.
    1403NM-0294-295stitch_Pueblo-Bonito_...jpg
  • A baby girl walks through an ancient doorway at Pueblo Bonito. Pueblo Bonito is a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0284_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-Cult...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130. This panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1403NM-0405-407pan_Pueblo-Bonito_Cha...jpg
  • The fun Pueblo Alto Trail overlooks Pueblo Bonito, a monumental public building (Puebloan Great House) occupied from around 828 to 1126 AD, now preserved at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, USA. The huge D-shaped complex of Pueblo Bonito enclosed two plazas with dozens of ceremonial kivas, plus 600 rooms towering 4 and 5 stories above the valley floor. The functions of this building included ceremony, administration, trading, storage, hospitality, communications, astronomy, and burial, but few living quarters. Chaco Culture NHP hosts the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in remote northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington. From 850 AD to 1250 AD, Chaco Canyon advanced then declined as a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 1800s. Climate change may have led to its abandonment, beginning with a 50-year drought starting in 1130.
    1403NM-0373-p1_Pueblo-Bonito_Chaco-C...jpg
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